// Written in the D programming language.

/**
   This module implements the formatting functionality for strings and
   I/O. It's comparable to C99's $(D vsprintf()) and uses a similar
   _format encoding scheme.

   For an introductory look at $(B std._format)'s capabilities and how to use
   this module see the dedicated
   $(LINK2 http://wiki.dlang.org/Defining_custom_print_format_specifiers, DWiki article).

   This module centers around two functions:

$(BOOKTABLE ,
$(TR $(TH Function Name) $(TH Description)
)
    $(TR $(TD $(D $(LREF formattedRead)))
        $(TD Reads values according to the _format string from an InputRange.
    ))
    $(TR $(TD $(D $(LREF formattedWrite)))
        $(TD Formats its arguments according to the _format string and puts them
        to an OutputRange.
    ))
)

   Please see the documentation of function $(D $(LREF formattedWrite)) for a
   description of the _format string.

   Two functions have been added for convenience:

$(BOOKTABLE ,
$(TR $(TH Function Name) $(TH Description)
)
    $(TR $(TD $(D $(LREF _format)))
        $(TD Returns a GC-allocated string with the formatting result.
    ))
    $(TR $(TD $(D $(LREF sformat)))
        $(TD Puts the formatting result into a preallocated array.
    ))
)

   These two functions are publicly imported by $(LINK2 std_string.html,
   std.string) to be easily available.

   The functions $(D $(LREF formatValue)) and $(D $(LREF unformatValue)) are
   used for the plumbing.

   Macros: WIKI = Phobos/StdFormat

   Copyright: Copyright Digital Mars 2000-2013.

   License: $(WEB boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0).

   Authors: $(WEB walterbright.com, Walter Bright), $(WEB erdani.com,
   Andrei Alexandrescu), and Kenji Hara

   Source: $(PHOBOSSRC std/_format.d)
 */
module std.format;

//debug=format;                // uncomment to turn on debugging printf's

import core.vararg;
import std.exception;
import std.range.primitives;
import std.traits;
import std.typetuple;

version(CRuntime_DigitalMars)
{
    version = DigitalMarsC;
}

version (DigitalMarsC)
{
    // This is DMC's internal floating point formatting function
    extern (C)
    {
        extern shared char* function(int c, int flags, int precision,
                in real* pdval,
                char* buf, size_t* psl, int width) __pfloatfmt;
    }
}

/**********************************************************************
 * Signals a mismatch between a format and its corresponding argument.
 */
class FormatException : Exception
{
    @safe pure nothrow
    this()
    {
        super("format error");
    }

    @safe pure nothrow
    this(string msg, string fn = __FILE__, size_t ln = __LINE__, Throwable next = null)
    {
        super(msg, fn, ln, next);
    }
}

private alias enforceFmt = enforceEx!FormatException;


/**********************************************************************
   Interprets variadic argument list $(D args), formats them according
   to $(D fmt), and sends the resulting characters to $(D w). The
   encoding of the output is the same as $(D Char). The type $(D Writer)
   must satisfy $(D $(XREF_PACK range,primitives,isOutputRange)!(Writer, Char)).

   The variadic arguments are normally consumed in order. POSIX-style
   $(WEB opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/printf.html,
   positional parameter syntax) is also supported. Each argument is
   formatted into a sequence of chars according to the format
   specification, and the characters are passed to $(D w). As many
   arguments as specified in the format string are consumed and
   formatted. If there are fewer arguments than format specifiers, a
   $(D FormatException) is thrown. If there are more remaining arguments
   than needed by the format specification, they are ignored but only
   if at least one argument was formatted.

   The format string supports the formatting of array and nested array elements
   via the grouping format specifiers $(B %&#40;) and $(B %&#41;). Each
   matching pair of $(B %&#40;) and $(B %&#41;) corresponds with a single array
   argument. The enclosed sub-format string is applied to individual array
   elements.  The trailing portion of the sub-format string following the
   conversion specifier for the array element is interpreted as the array
   delimiter, and is therefore omitted following the last array element. The
   $(B %|) specifier may be used to explicitly indicate the start of the
   delimiter, so that the preceding portion of the string will be included
   following the last array element.  (See below for explicit examples.)

   Params:

   w = Output is sent to this writer. Typical output writers include
   $(XREF array,Appender!string) and $(XREF stdio,LockingTextWriter).

   fmt = Format string.

   args = Variadic argument list.

   Returns: Formatted number of arguments.

   Throws: Mismatched arguments and formats result in a $(D
   FormatException) being thrown.

   Format_String: <a name="format-string">$(I Format strings)</a>
   consist of characters interspersed with $(I format
   specifications). Characters are simply copied to the output (such
   as putc) after any necessary conversion to the corresponding UTF-8
   sequence.

   The format string has the following grammar:

$(PRE
$(I FormatString):
    $(I FormatStringItem)*
$(I FormatStringItem):
    $(B '%%')
    $(B '%') $(I Position) $(I Flags) $(I Width) $(I Precision) $(I FormatChar)
    $(B '%$(LPAREN)') $(I FormatString) $(B '%$(RPAREN)')
    $(I OtherCharacterExceptPercent)
$(I Position):
    $(I empty)
    $(I Integer) $(B '$')
$(I Flags):
    $(I empty)
    $(B '-') $(I Flags)
    $(B '+') $(I Flags)
    $(B '#') $(I Flags)
    $(B '0') $(I Flags)
    $(B ' ') $(I Flags)
$(I Width):
    $(I empty)
    $(I Integer)
    $(B '*')
$(I Precision):
    $(I empty)
    $(B '.')
    $(B '.') $(I Integer)
    $(B '.*')
$(I Integer):
    $(I Digit)
    $(I Digit) $(I Integer)
$(I Digit):
    $(B '0')|$(B '1')|$(B '2')|$(B '3')|$(B '4')|$(B '5')|$(B '6')|$(B '7')|$(B '8')|$(B '9')
$(I FormatChar):
    $(B 's')|$(B 'c')|$(B 'b')|$(B 'd')|$(B 'o')|$(B 'x')|$(B 'X')|$(B 'e')|$(B 'E')|$(B 'f')|$(B 'F')|$(B 'g')|$(B 'G')|$(B 'a')|$(B 'A')
)

    $(BOOKTABLE Flags affect formatting depending on the specifier as
    follows., $(TR $(TH Flag) $(TH Types&nbsp;affected) $(TH Semantics))

    $(TR $(TD $(B '-')) $(TD numeric) $(TD Left justify the result in
        the field.  It overrides any $(B 0) flag.))

    $(TR $(TD $(B '+')) $(TD numeric) $(TD Prefix positive numbers in
    a signed conversion with a $(B +).  It overrides any $(I space)
    flag.))

    $(TR $(TD $(B '#')) $(TD integral ($(B 'o'))) $(TD Add to
    precision as necessary so that the first digit of the octal
    formatting is a '0', even if both the argument and the $(I
    Precision) are zero.))

    $(TR $(TD $(B '#')) $(TD integral ($(B 'x'), $(B 'X'))) $(TD If
       non-zero, prefix result with $(B 0x) ($(B 0X)).))

    $(TR $(TD $(B '#')) $(TD floating) $(TD Always insert the decimal
       point and print trailing zeros.))

    $(TR $(TD $(B '0')) $(TD numeric) $(TD Use leading
    zeros to pad rather than spaces (except for the floating point
    values $(D nan) and $(D infinity)).  Ignore if there's a $(I
    Precision).))

    $(TR $(TD $(B ' ')) $(TD numeric) $(TD Prefix positive
    numbers in a signed conversion with a space.)))

    <dl>
        <dt>$(I Width)
        <dd>
        Specifies the minimum field width.
        If the width is a $(B *), an additional argument of type $(B int),
        preceding the actual argument, is taken as the width.
        If the width is negative, it is as if the $(B -) was given
        as a $(I Flags) character.

        <dt>$(I Precision)
        <dd> Gives the precision for numeric conversions.
        If the precision is a $(B *), an additional argument of type $(B int),
        preceding the actual argument, is taken as the precision.
        If it is negative, it is as if there was no $(I Precision) specifier.

        <dt>$(I FormatChar)
        <dd>
        <dl>
            <dt>$(B 's')
            <dd>The corresponding argument is formatted in a manner consistent
            with its type:
            <dl>
                <dt>$(B bool)
                <dd>The result is <tt>'true'</tt> or <tt>'false'</tt>.
                <dt>integral types
                <dd>The $(B %d) format is used.
                <dt>floating point types
                <dd>The $(B %g) format is used.
                <dt>string types
                <dd>The result is the string converted to UTF-8.
                A $(I Precision) specifies the maximum number of characters
                to use in the result.
                <dt>structs
                <dd>If the struct defines a $(B toString()) method the result is
                the string returned from this function. Otherwise the result is
                StructName(field<sub>0</sub>, field<sub>1</sub>, ...) where
                field<sub>n</sub> is the nth element formatted with the default
                format.
                <dt>classes derived from $(B Object)
                <dd>The result is the string returned from the class instance's
                $(B .toString()) method.
                A $(I Precision) specifies the maximum number of characters
                to use in the result.
                <dt>unions
                <dd>If the union defines a $(B toString()) method the result is
                the string returned from this function. Otherwise the result is
                the name of the union, without its contents.
                <dt>non-string static and dynamic arrays
                <dd>The result is [s<sub>0</sub>, s<sub>1</sub>, ...]
                where s<sub>n</sub> is the nth element
                formatted with the default format.
                <dt>associative arrays
                <dd>The result is the equivalent of what the initializer
                would look like for the contents of the associative array,
                e.g.: ["red" : 10, "blue" : 20].
            </dl>

            <dt>$(B 'c')
            <dd>The corresponding argument must be a character type.

            <dt>$(B 'b','d','o','x','X')
            <dd> The corresponding argument must be an integral type
            and is formatted as an integer. If the argument is a signed type
            and the $(I FormatChar) is $(B d) it is converted to
            a signed string of characters, otherwise it is treated as
            unsigned. An argument of type $(B bool) is formatted as '1'
            or '0'. The base used is binary for $(B b), octal for $(B o),
            decimal
            for $(B d), and hexadecimal for $(B x) or $(B X).
            $(B x) formats using lower case letters, $(B X) uppercase.
            If there are fewer resulting digits than the $(I Precision),
            leading zeros are used as necessary.
            If the $(I Precision) is 0 and the number is 0, no digits
            result.

            <dt>$(B 'e','E')
            <dd> A floating point number is formatted as one digit before
            the decimal point, $(I Precision) digits after, the $(I FormatChar),
            &plusmn;, followed by at least a two digit exponent:
            $(I d.dddddd)e$(I &plusmn;dd).
            If there is no $(I Precision), six
            digits are generated after the decimal point.
            If the $(I Precision) is 0, no decimal point is generated.

            <dt>$(B 'f','F')
            <dd> A floating point number is formatted in decimal notation.
            The $(I Precision) specifies the number of digits generated
            after the decimal point. It defaults to six. At least one digit
            is generated before the decimal point. If the $(I Precision)
            is zero, no decimal point is generated.

            <dt>$(B 'g','G')
            <dd> A floating point number is formatted in either $(B e) or
            $(B f) format for $(B g); $(B E) or $(B F) format for
            $(B G).
            The $(B f) format is used if the exponent for an $(B e) format
            is greater than -5 and less than the $(I Precision).
            The $(I Precision) specifies the number of significant
            digits, and defaults to six.
            Trailing zeros are elided after the decimal point, if the fractional
            part is zero then no decimal point is generated.

            <dt>$(B 'a','A')
            <dd> A floating point number is formatted in hexadecimal
            exponential notation 0x$(I h.hhhhhh)p$(I &plusmn;d).
            There is one hexadecimal digit before the decimal point, and as
            many after as specified by the $(I Precision).
            If the $(I Precision) is zero, no decimal point is generated.
            If there is no $(I Precision), as many hexadecimal digits as
            necessary to exactly represent the mantissa are generated.
            The exponent is written in as few digits as possible,
            but at least one, is in decimal, and represents a power of 2 as in
            $(I h.hhhhhh)*2<sup>$(I &plusmn;d)</sup>.
            The exponent for zero is zero.
            The hexadecimal digits, x and p are in upper case if the
            $(I FormatChar) is upper case.
        </dl>
    </dl>

    Floating point NaN's are formatted as $(B nan) if the
    $(I FormatChar) is lower case, or $(B NAN) if upper.
    Floating point infinities are formatted as $(B inf) or
    $(B infinity) if the
    $(I FormatChar) is lower case, or $(B INF) or $(B INFINITY) if upper.

    Examples:
    -------------------------
    import std.array;
    import std.format;

    void main()
    {
        auto writer = appender!string();
        formattedWrite(writer, "%s is the ultimate %s.", 42, "answer");
        assert(writer.data == "42 is the ultimate answer.");
        // Clear the writer
        writer = appender!string();
        formattedWrite(writer, "Date: %2$s %1$s", "October", 5);
        assert(writer.data == "Date: 5 October");
    }
    ------------------------

    The positional and non-positional styles can be mixed in the same
    format string. (POSIX leaves this behavior undefined.) The internal
    counter for non-positional parameters tracks the next parameter after
    the largest positional parameter already used.

    Example using array and nested array formatting:
    -------------------------
    import std.stdio;

    void main()
    {
        writefln("My items are %(%s %).", [1,2,3]);
        writefln("My items are %(%s, %).", [1,2,3]);
    }
    -------------------------
    The output is:
<pre class=console>
My items are 1 2 3.
My items are 1, 2, 3.
</pre>

    The trailing end of the sub-format string following the specifier for each
    item is interpreted as the array delimiter, and is therefore omitted
    following the last array item. The $(B %|) delimiter specifier may be used
    to indicate where the delimiter begins, so that the portion of the format
    string prior to it will be retained in the last array element:
    -------------------------
    import std.stdio;

    void main()
    {
        writefln("My items are %(-%s-%|, %).", [1,2,3]);
    }
    -------------------------
    which gives the output:
<pre class=console>
My items are -1-, -2-, -3-.
</pre>

    These compound format specifiers may be nested in the case of a nested
    array argument:
    -------------------------
    import std.stdio;
    void main() {
         auto mat = [[1, 2, 3],
                     [4, 5, 6],
                     [7, 8, 9]];

         writefln("%(%(%d %)\n%)", mat);
         writeln();

         writefln("[%(%(%d %)\n %)]", mat);
         writeln();

         writefln("[%([%(%d %)]%|\n %)]", mat);
         writeln();
    }
    -------------------------
    The output is:
<pre class=console>
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

[1 2 3
 4 5 6
 7 8 9]

[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]
 [7 8 9]]
</pre>

    Inside a compound format specifier, strings and characters are escaped
    automatically. To avoid this behavior, add $(B '-') flag to
    $(D "%$(LPAREN)").
    -------------------------
    import std.stdio;

    void main()
    {
        writefln("My friends are %s.", ["John", "Nancy"]);
        writefln("My friends are %(%s, %).", ["John", "Nancy"]);
        writefln("My friends are %-(%s, %).", ["John", "Nancy"]);
    }
    -------------------------
   which gives the output:
<pre class=console>
My friends are ["John", "Nancy"].
My friends are "John", "Nancy".
My friends are John, Nancy.
</pre>
 */
uint formattedWrite(Writer, Char, A...)(Writer w, in Char[] fmt, A args)
{
    import std.conv : text, to;

    alias FPfmt = void function(Writer, const(void)*, ref FormatSpec!Char) @safe pure nothrow;

    auto spec = FormatSpec!Char(fmt);

    FPfmt[A.length] funs;
    const(void)*[A.length] argsAddresses;
    if (!__ctfe)
    {
        foreach (i, Arg; A)
        {
            funs[i] = ()@trusted{ return cast(FPfmt)&formatGeneric!(Writer, Arg, Char); }();
            // We can safely cast away shared because all data is either
            // immutable or completely owned by this function.
            argsAddresses[i] = (ref arg)@trusted{ return cast(const void*) &arg; }(args[i]);

            // Reflect formatting @safe/pure ability of each arguments to this function
            if (0) formatValue(w, args[i], spec);
        }
    }

    // Are we already done with formats? Then just dump each parameter in turn
    uint currentArg = 0;
    while (spec.writeUpToNextSpec(w))
    {
        if (currentArg == funs.length && !spec.indexStart)
        {
            // leftover spec?
            enforceFmt(fmt.length == 0,
                text("Orphan format specifier: %", spec.spec));
            break;
        }
        if (spec.width == spec.DYNAMIC)
        {
            auto width = to!(typeof(spec.width))(getNthInt(currentArg, args));
            if (width < 0)
            {
                spec.flDash = true;
                width = -width;
            }
            spec.width = width;
            ++currentArg;
        }
        else if (spec.width < 0)
        {
            // means: get width as a positional parameter
            auto index = cast(uint) -spec.width;
            assert(index > 0);
            auto width = to!(typeof(spec.width))(getNthInt(index - 1, args));
            if (currentArg < index) currentArg = index;
            if (width < 0)
            {
                spec.flDash = true;
                width = -width;
            }
            spec.width = width;
        }
        if (spec.precision == spec.DYNAMIC)
        {
            auto precision = to!(typeof(spec.precision))(
                getNthInt(currentArg, args));
            if (precision >= 0) spec.precision = precision;
            // else negative precision is same as no precision
            else spec.precision = spec.UNSPECIFIED;
            ++currentArg;
        }
        else if (spec.precision < 0)
        {
            // means: get precision as a positional parameter
            auto index = cast(uint) -spec.precision;
            assert(index > 0);
            auto precision = to!(typeof(spec.precision))(
                getNthInt(index- 1, args));
            if (currentArg < index) currentArg = index;
            if (precision >= 0) spec.precision = precision;
            // else negative precision is same as no precision
            else spec.precision = spec.UNSPECIFIED;
        }
        // Format!
        if (spec.indexStart > 0)
        {
            // using positional parameters!
            foreach (i; spec.indexStart - 1 .. spec.indexEnd)
            {
                if (funs.length <= i) break;
                if (__ctfe)
                    formatNth(w, spec, i, args);
                else
                    funs[i](w, argsAddresses[i], spec);
            }
            if (currentArg < spec.indexEnd) currentArg = spec.indexEnd;
        }
        else
        {
            if (__ctfe)
                formatNth(w, spec, currentArg, args);
            else
                funs[currentArg](w, argsAddresses[currentArg], spec);
            ++currentArg;
        }
    }
    return currentArg;
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    import std.array;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(w, "%s %d", "@safe/pure", 42);
    assert(w.data == "@safe/pure 42");
}

/**
Reads characters from input range $(D r), converts them according
to $(D fmt), and writes them to $(D args).

Params:
    r = The range to read from.
    fmt = The format of the data to read.
    args = The drain of the data read.

Returns:

On success, the function returns the number of variables filled. This count
can match the expected number of readings or fewer, even zero, if a
matching failure happens.
 */
uint formattedRead(R, Char, S...)(ref R r, const(Char)[] fmt, S args)
{
    import std.typecons : isTuple;

    auto spec = FormatSpec!Char(fmt);
    static if (!S.length)
    {
        spec.readUpToNextSpec(r);
        enforce(spec.trailing.empty);
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        // The function below accounts for '*' == fields meant to be
        // read and skipped
        void skipUnstoredFields()
        {
            for (;;)
            {
                spec.readUpToNextSpec(r);
                if (spec.width != spec.DYNAMIC) break;
                // must skip this field
                skipData(r, spec);
            }
        }

        skipUnstoredFields();
        if (r.empty)
        {
            // Input is empty, nothing to read
            return 0;
        }
        alias A = typeof(*args[0]);
        static if (isTuple!A)
        {
            foreach (i, T; A.Types)
            {
                (*args[0])[i] = unformatValue!(T)(r, spec);
                skipUnstoredFields();
            }
        }
        else
        {
            *args[0] = unformatValue!(A)(r, spec);
        }
        return 1 + formattedRead(r, spec.trailing, args[1 .. $]);
    }
}

///
unittest
{
    string s = "hello!124:34.5";
    string a;
    int b;
    double c;
    formattedRead(s, "%s!%s:%s", &a, &b, &c);
    assert(a == "hello" && b == 124 && c == 34.5);
}

unittest
{
    import std.math;
    string s = " 1.2 3.4 ";
    double x, y, z;
    assert(formattedRead(s, " %s %s %s ", &x, &y, &z) == 2);
    assert(s.empty);
    assert(approxEqual(x, 1.2));
    assert(approxEqual(y, 3.4));
    assert(isNaN(z));
}

template FormatSpec(Char)
    if (!is(Unqual!Char == Char))
{
    alias FormatSpec = FormatSpec!(Unqual!Char);
}

/**
 * A General handler for $(D printf) style format specifiers. Used for building more
 * specific formatting functions.
 */
struct FormatSpec(Char)
    if (is(Unqual!Char == Char))
{
    import std.ascii : isDigit;
    import std.algorithm : startsWith;
    import std.conv : parse, text, to;

    /**
       Minimum _width, default $(D 0).
     */
    int width = 0;

    /**
       Precision. Its semantics depends on the argument type. For
       floating point numbers, _precision dictates the number of
       decimals printed.
     */
    int precision = UNSPECIFIED;

    /**
       Special value for width and precision. $(D DYNAMIC) width or
       precision means that they were specified with $(D '*') in the
       format string and are passed at runtime through the varargs.
     */
    enum int DYNAMIC = int.max;

    /**
       Special value for precision, meaning the format specifier
       contained no explicit precision.
     */
    enum int UNSPECIFIED = DYNAMIC - 1;

    /**
       The actual format specifier, $(D 's') by default.
    */
    char spec = 's';

    /**
       Index of the argument for positional parameters, from $(D 1) to
       $(D ubyte.max). ($(D 0) means not used).
    */
    ubyte indexStart;

    /**
       Index of the last argument for positional parameter range, from
       $(D 1) to $(D ubyte.max). ($(D 0) means not used).
    */
    ubyte indexEnd;

    version(StdDdoc)
    {
        /**
         The format specifier contained a $(D '-') ($(D printf)
         compatibility).
         */
        bool flDash;

        /**
         The format specifier contained a $(D '0') ($(D printf)
         compatibility).
         */
        bool flZero;

        /**
         The format specifier contained a $(D ' ') ($(D printf)
         compatibility).
         */
        bool flSpace;

        /**
         The format specifier contained a $(D '+') ($(D printf)
         compatibility).
         */
        bool flPlus;

        /**
         The format specifier contained a $(D '#') ($(D printf)
         compatibility).
         */
        bool flHash;

        // Fake field to allow compilation
        ubyte allFlags;
    }
    else
    {
        union
        {
            import std.bitmanip : bitfields;
            mixin(bitfields!(
                        bool, "flDash", 1,
                        bool, "flZero", 1,
                        bool, "flSpace", 1,
                        bool, "flPlus", 1,
                        bool, "flHash", 1,
                        ubyte, "", 3));
            ubyte allFlags;
        }
    }

    /**
       In case of a compound format specifier starting with $(D
       "%$(LPAREN)") and ending with $(D "%$(RPAREN)"), $(D _nested)
       contains the string contained within the two separators.
     */
    const(Char)[] nested;

    /**
       In case of a compound format specifier, $(D _sep) contains the
       string positioning after $(D "%|").
     */
    const(Char)[] sep;

    /**
       $(D _trailing) contains the rest of the format string.
     */
    const(Char)[] trailing;

    /*
       This string is inserted before each sequence (e.g. array)
       formatted (by default $(D "[")).
     */
    enum immutable(Char)[] seqBefore = "[";

    /*
       This string is inserted after each sequence formatted (by
       default $(D "]")).
     */
    enum immutable(Char)[] seqAfter = "]";

    /*
       This string is inserted after each element keys of a sequence (by
       default $(D ":")).
     */
    enum immutable(Char)[] keySeparator = ":";

    /*
       This string is inserted in between elements of a sequence (by
       default $(D ", ")).
     */
    enum immutable(Char)[] seqSeparator = ", ";

    /**
       Construct a new $(D FormatSpec) using the format string $(D fmt), no
       processing is done until needed.
     */
    this(in Char[] fmt) @safe pure
    {
        trailing = fmt;
    }

    bool writeUpToNextSpec(OutputRange)(OutputRange writer)
    {
        if (trailing.empty)
            return false;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < trailing.length; ++i)
        {
            if (trailing[i] != '%') continue;
            put(writer, trailing[0 .. i]);
            trailing = trailing[i .. $];
            enforceFmt(trailing.length >= 2, `Unterminated format specifier: "%"`);
            trailing = trailing[1 .. $];

            if (trailing[0] != '%')
            {
                // Spec found. Fill up the spec, and bailout
                fillUp();
                return true;
            }
            // Doubled! Reset and Keep going
            i = 0;
        }
        // no format spec found
        put(writer, trailing);
        trailing = null;
        return false;
    }

    unittest
    {
        import std.array;
        auto w = appender!(char[])();
        auto f = FormatSpec("abc%sdef%sghi");
        f.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        assert(w.data == "abc", w.data);
        assert(f.trailing == "def%sghi", text(f.trailing));
        f.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        assert(w.data == "abcdef", w.data);
        assert(f.trailing == "ghi");
        // test with embedded %%s
        f = FormatSpec("ab%%cd%%ef%sg%%h%sij");
        w.clear();
        f.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        assert(w.data == "ab%cd%ef" && f.trailing == "g%%h%sij", w.data);
        f.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        assert(w.data == "ab%cd%efg%h" && f.trailing == "ij");
        // bug4775
        f = FormatSpec("%%%s");
        w.clear();
        f.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        assert(w.data == "%" && f.trailing == "");
        f = FormatSpec("%%%%%s%%");
        w.clear();
        while (f.writeUpToNextSpec(w)) continue;
        assert(w.data == "%%%");

        f = FormatSpec("a%%b%%c%");
        w.clear();
        assertThrown!FormatException(f.writeUpToNextSpec(w));
        assert(w.data == "a%b%c" && f.trailing == "%");
    }

    private void fillUp()
    {
        // Reset content
        if (__ctfe)
        {
            flDash = false;
            flZero = false;
            flSpace = false;
            flPlus = false;
            flHash = false;
        }
        else
        {
            allFlags = 0;
        }

        width = 0;
        precision = UNSPECIFIED;
        nested = null;
        // Parse the spec (we assume we're past '%' already)
        for (size_t i = 0; i < trailing.length; )
        {
            switch (trailing[i])
            {
            case '(':
                // Embedded format specifier.
                auto j = i + 1;
                // Get the matching balanced paren
                for (uint innerParens;;)
                {
                    enforceFmt(j + 1 < trailing.length,
                        text("Incorrect format specifier: %", trailing[i .. $]));
                    if (trailing[j++] != '%')
                    {
                        // skip, we're waiting for %( and %)
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (trailing[j] == '-') // for %-(
                    {
                        ++j;    // skip
                        enforceFmt(j < trailing.length,
                            text("Incorrect format specifier: %", trailing[i .. $]));
                    }
                    if (trailing[j] == ')')
                    {
                        if (innerParens-- == 0) break;
                    }
                    else if (trailing[j] == '|')
                    {
                        if (innerParens == 0) break;
                    }
                    else if (trailing[j] == '(')
                    {
                        ++innerParens;
                    }
                }
                if (trailing[j] == '|')
                {
                    auto k = j;
                    for (++j;;)
                    {
                        if (trailing[j++] != '%')
                            continue;
                        if (trailing[j] == '%')
                            ++j;
                        else if (trailing[j] == ')')
                            break;
                        else
                            throw new Exception(
                                text("Incorrect format specifier: %",
                                        trailing[j .. $]));
                    }
                    nested = trailing[i + 1 .. k - 1];
                    sep = trailing[k + 1 .. j - 1];
                }
                else
                {
                    nested = trailing[i + 1 .. j - 1];
                    sep = null; // use null (issue 12135)
                }
                //this = FormatSpec(innerTrailingSpec);
                spec = '(';
                // We practically found the format specifier
                trailing = trailing[j + 1 .. $];
                return;
            case '-': flDash = true; ++i; break;
            case '+': flPlus = true; ++i; break;
            case '#': flHash = true; ++i; break;
            case '0': flZero = true; ++i; break;
            case ' ': flSpace = true; ++i; break;
            case '*':
                if (isDigit(trailing[++i]))
                {
                    // a '*' followed by digits and '$' is a
                    // positional format
                    trailing = trailing[1 .. $];
                    width = -parse!(typeof(width))(trailing);
                    i = 0;
                    enforceFmt(trailing[i++] == '$',
                        "$ expected");
                }
                else
                {
                    // read result
                    width = DYNAMIC;
                }
                break;
            case '1': .. case '9':
                auto tmp = trailing[i .. $];
                const widthOrArgIndex = parse!uint(tmp);
                enforceFmt(tmp.length,
                    text("Incorrect format specifier %", trailing[i .. $]));
                i = tmp.ptr - trailing.ptr;
                if (tmp.startsWith('$'))
                {
                    // index of the form %n$
                    indexEnd = indexStart = to!ubyte(widthOrArgIndex);
                    ++i;
                }
                else if (tmp.startsWith(':'))
                {
                    // two indexes of the form %m:n$, or one index of the form %m:$
                    indexStart = to!ubyte(widthOrArgIndex);
                    tmp = tmp[1 .. $];
                    if (tmp.startsWith('$'))
                    {
                        indexEnd = indexEnd.max;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        indexEnd = parse!(typeof(indexEnd))(tmp);
                    }
                    i = tmp.ptr - trailing.ptr;
                    enforceFmt(trailing[i++] == '$',
                        "$ expected");
                }
                else
                {
                    // width
                    width = to!int(widthOrArgIndex);
                }
                break;
            case '.':
                // Precision
                if (trailing[++i] == '*')
                {
                    if (isDigit(trailing[++i]))
                    {
                        // a '.*' followed by digits and '$' is a
                        // positional precision
                        trailing = trailing[i .. $];
                        i = 0;
                        precision = -parse!int(trailing);
                        enforceFmt(trailing[i++] == '$',
                            "$ expected");
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // read result
                        precision = DYNAMIC;
                    }
                }
                else if (trailing[i] == '-')
                {
                    // negative precision, as good as 0
                    precision = 0;
                    auto tmp = trailing[i .. $];
                    parse!int(tmp); // skip digits
                    i = tmp.ptr - trailing.ptr;
                }
                else if (isDigit(trailing[i]))
                {
                    auto tmp = trailing[i .. $];
                    precision = parse!int(tmp);
                    i = tmp.ptr - trailing.ptr;
                }
                else
                {
                    // "." was specified, but nothing after it
                    precision = 0;
                }
                break;
            default:
                // this is the format char
                spec = cast(char) trailing[i++];
                trailing = trailing[i .. $];
                return;
            } // end switch
        } // end for
        throw new Exception(text("Incorrect format specifier: ", trailing));
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    private bool readUpToNextSpec(R)(ref R r)
    {
        import std.ascii : isLower;

        // Reset content
        if (__ctfe)
        {
            flDash = false;
            flZero = false;
            flSpace = false;
            flPlus = false;
            flHash = false;
        }
        else
        {
            allFlags = 0;
        }
        width = 0;
        precision = UNSPECIFIED;
        nested = null;
        // Parse the spec
        while (trailing.length)
        {
            if (*trailing.ptr == '%')
            {
                if (trailing.length > 1 && trailing.ptr[1] == '%')
                {
                    assert(!r.empty);
                    // Require a '%'
                    if (r.front != '%') break;
                    trailing = trailing[2 .. $];
                    r.popFront();
                }
                else
                {
                    enforce(isLower(trailing[1]) || trailing[1] == '*' ||
                            trailing[1] == '(',
                            text("'%", trailing[1],
                                    "' not supported with formatted read"));
                    trailing = trailing[1 .. $];
                    fillUp();
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (trailing.ptr[0] == ' ')
                {
                    while (!r.empty && std.ascii.isWhite(r.front)) r.popFront();
                    //r = std.algorithm.find!(not!(std.ascii.isWhite))(r);
                }
                else
                {
                    enforce(!r.empty,
                            text("parseToFormatSpec: Cannot find character `",
                                    trailing.ptr[0], "' in the input string."));
                    if (r.front != trailing.front) break;
                    r.popFront();
                }
                trailing = trailing[std.utf.stride(trailing, 0) .. $];
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private string getCurFmtStr() const
    {
        import std.array : appender;
        auto w = appender!string();
        auto f = FormatSpec!Char("%s"); // for stringnize

        put(w, '%');
        if (indexStart != 0)
        {
            formatValue(w, indexStart, f);
            put(w, '$');
        }
        if (flDash)  put(w, '-');
        if (flZero)  put(w, '0');
        if (flSpace) put(w, ' ');
        if (flPlus)  put(w, '+');
        if (flHash)  put(w, '#');
        if (width != 0)
            formatValue(w, width, f);
        if (precision != FormatSpec!Char.UNSPECIFIED)
        {
            put(w, '.');
            formatValue(w, precision, f);
        }
        put(w, spec);
        return w.data;
    }

    unittest
    {
        // issue 5237
        import std.array;
        auto w = appender!string();
        auto f = FormatSpec!char("%.16f");
        f.writeUpToNextSpec(w); // dummy eating
        assert(f.spec == 'f');
        auto fmt = f.getCurFmtStr();
        assert(fmt == "%.16f");
    }

    private const(Char)[] headUpToNextSpec()
    {
        import std.array : appender;
        auto w = appender!(typeof(return))();
        auto tr = trailing;

        while (tr.length)
        {
            if (*tr.ptr == '%')
            {
                if (tr.length > 1 && tr.ptr[1] == '%')
                {
                    tr = tr[2 .. $];
                    w.put('%');
                }
                else
                    break;
            }
            else
            {
                w.put(tr.front);
                tr.popFront();
            }
        }
        return w.data;
    }

    string toString()
    {
        return text("address = ", cast(void*) &this,
                "\nwidth = ", width,
                "\nprecision = ", precision,
                "\nspec = ", spec,
                "\nindexStart = ", indexStart,
                "\nindexEnd = ", indexEnd,
                "\nflDash = ", flDash,
                "\nflZero = ", flZero,
                "\nflSpace = ", flSpace,
                "\nflPlus = ", flPlus,
                "\nflHash = ", flHash,
                "\nnested = ", nested,
                "\ntrailing = ", trailing, "\n");
    }
}

///
@safe pure unittest
{
    import std.array;
    auto a = appender!(string)();
    auto fmt = "Number: %2.4e\nString: %s";
    auto f = FormatSpec!char(fmt);

    f.writeUpToNextSpec(a);

    assert(a.data == "Number: ");
    assert(f.trailing == "\nString: %s");
    assert(f.spec == 'e');
    assert(f.width == 2);
    assert(f.precision == 4);

    f.writeUpToNextSpec(a);

    assert(a.data == "Number: \nString: ");
    assert(f.trailing == "");
    assert(f.spec == 's');
}

// Issue 14059
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto a = appender!(string)();

    auto f = FormatSpec!char("%-(%s%");
    assertThrown(f.writeUpToNextSpec(a));

    f = FormatSpec!char("%(%-");
    assertThrown(f.writeUpToNextSpec(a));
}

/**
Helper function that returns a $(D FormatSpec) for a single specifier given
in $(D fmt)

Params:
    fmt = A format specifier

Returns:
    A $(D FormatSpec) with the specifier parsed.

Enforces giving only one specifier to the function.
  */
FormatSpec!Char singleSpec(Char)(Char[] fmt)
{
    import std.conv : text;
    enforce(fmt.length >= 2, new Exception("fmt must be at least 2 characters long"));
    enforce(fmt.front == '%', new Exception("fmt must start with a '%' character"));

    static struct DummyOutputRange {
        void put(C)(C[] buf) {} // eat elements
    }
    auto a = DummyOutputRange();
    auto spec = FormatSpec!Char(fmt);
    //dummy write
    spec.writeUpToNextSpec(a);

    enforce(spec.trailing.empty,
            new Exception(text("Trailing characters in fmt string: '", spec.trailing)));

    return spec;
}

///
unittest
{
    auto spec = singleSpec("%2.3e");

    assert(spec.trailing == "");
    assert(spec.spec == 'e');
    assert(spec.width == 2);
    assert(spec.precision == 3);

    assertThrown(singleSpec(""));
    assertThrown(singleSpec("2.3e"));
    assertThrown(singleSpec("%2.3eTest"));
}

/**
$(D bool)s are formatted as "true" or "false" with %s and as "1" or
"0" with integral-specific format specs.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(BooleanTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    BooleanTypeOf!T val = obj;

    if (f.spec == 's')
    {
        string s = val ? "true" : "false";
        if (!f.flDash)
        {
            // right align
            if (f.width > s.length)
                foreach (i ; 0 .. f.width - s.length) put(w, ' ');
            put(w, s);
        }
        else
        {
            // left align
            put(w, s);
            if (f.width > s.length)
                foreach (i ; 0 .. f.width - s.length) put(w, ' ');
        }
    }
    else
        formatValue(w, cast(int) val, f);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    formatValue(w, true, spec);

    assert(w.data == "true");
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
        formatTest( false, "false" );
        formatTest( true,  "true"  );
    });
}
unittest
{
    class C1 { bool val; alias val this; this(bool v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { bool val; alias val this; this(bool v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1(false), "false" );
    formatTest( new C1(true),  "true" );
    formatTest( new C2(false), "C" );
    formatTest( new C2(true),  "C" );

    struct S1 { bool val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { bool val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1(false), "false" );
    formatTest( S1(true),  "true"  );
    formatTest( S2(false), "S" );
    formatTest( S2(true),  "S" );
}

unittest
{
    string t1 = format("[%6s] [%6s] [%-6s]", true, false, true);
    assert(t1 == "[  true] [ false] [true  ]");

    string t2 = format("[%3s] [%-2s]", true, false);
    assert(t2 == "[true] [false]");
}

/**
$(D null) literal is formatted as $(D "null").

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(Unqual!T == typeof(null)) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    enforceFmt(f.spec == 's',
        "null");

    put(w, "null");
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    formatValue(w, null, spec);

    assert(w.data == "null");
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
        formatTest( null, "null" );
    });
}

/**
Integrals are formatted like $(D printf) does.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(IntegralTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    import std.system : Endian;
    alias U = IntegralTypeOf!T;
    U val = obj;    // Extracting alias this may be impure/system/may-throw

    if (f.spec == 'r')
    {
        // raw write, skip all else and write the thing
        auto raw = (ref val)@trusted{
            return (cast(const char*) &val)[0 .. val.sizeof];
        }(val);
        if (std.system.endian == Endian.littleEndian && f.flPlus
            || std.system.endian == Endian.bigEndian && f.flDash)
        {
            // must swap bytes
            foreach_reverse (c; raw)
                put(w, c);
        }
        else
        {
            foreach (c; raw)
                put(w, c);
        }
        return;
    }

    uint base =
        f.spec == 'x' || f.spec == 'X' ? 16 :
        f.spec == 'o' ? 8 :
        f.spec == 'b' ? 2 :
        f.spec == 's' || f.spec == 'd' || f.spec == 'u' ? 10 :
        0;
    enforceFmt(base > 0,
        "integral");

    // Forward on to formatIntegral to handle both U and const(U)
    // Saves duplication of code for both versions.
    static if (is(ucent) && (is(U == cent) || is(U == ucent)))
        alias C = U;
    else static if (isSigned!U)
        alias C = long;
    else
        alias C = ulong;
    formatIntegral(w, cast(C) val, f, base, Unsigned!U.max);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%d");
    formatValue(w, 1337, spec);

    assert(w.data == "1337");
}

private void formatIntegral(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, const(T) val, ref FormatSpec!Char f, uint base, ulong mask)
{
    FormatSpec!Char fs = f; // fs is copy for change its values.
    T arg = val;

    bool negative = (base == 10 && arg < 0);
    if (negative)
    {
        arg = -arg;
    }

    // All unsigned integral types should fit in ulong.
    static if (is(ucent) && is(typeof(arg) == ucent))
        formatUnsigned(w, (cast(ucent) arg) & mask, fs, base, negative);
    else
        formatUnsigned(w, (cast(ulong) arg) & mask, fs, base, negative);
}

private void formatUnsigned(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T arg, ref FormatSpec!Char fs, uint base, bool negative)
{
    if (fs.precision == fs.UNSPECIFIED)
    {
        // default precision for integrals is 1
        fs.precision = 1;
    }
    else
    {
        // if a precision is specified, the '0' flag is ignored.
        fs.flZero = false;
    }

    char leftPad = void;
    if (!fs.flDash && !fs.flZero)
        leftPad = ' ';
    else if (!fs.flDash && fs.flZero)
        leftPad = '0';
    else
        leftPad = 0;

    // figure out sign and continue in unsigned mode
    char forcedPrefix = void;
    if (fs.flPlus) forcedPrefix = '+';
    else if (fs.flSpace) forcedPrefix = ' ';
    else forcedPrefix = 0;
    if (base != 10)
    {
        // non-10 bases are always unsigned
        forcedPrefix = 0;
    }
    else if (negative)
    {
        // argument is signed
        forcedPrefix = '-';
    }
    // fill the digits
    char[64] buffer; // 64 bits in base 2 at most
    char[] digits;
    {
        uint i = buffer.length;
        auto n = arg;
        do
        {
            --i;
            buffer[i] = cast(char) (n % base);
            n /= base;
            if (buffer[i] < 10) buffer[i] += '0';
            else buffer[i] += (fs.spec == 'x' ? 'a' : 'A') - 10;
        } while (n);
        digits = buffer[i .. $]; // got the digits without the sign
    }
    // adjust precision to print a '0' for octal if alternate format is on
    if (base == 8 && fs.flHash
        && (fs.precision <= digits.length)) // too low precision
    {
        //fs.precision = digits.length + (arg != 0);
        forcedPrefix = '0';
    }
    // write left pad; write sign; write 0x or 0X; write digits;
    //   write right pad
    // Writing left pad
    ptrdiff_t spacesToPrint =
        fs.width // start with the minimum width
        - digits.length  // take away digits to print
        - (forcedPrefix != 0) // take away the sign if any
        - (base == 16 && fs.flHash && arg ? 2 : 0); // 0x or 0X
    const ptrdiff_t delta = fs.precision - digits.length;
    if (delta > 0) spacesToPrint -= delta;
    if (spacesToPrint > 0) // need to do some padding
    {
        if (leftPad == '0')
        {
            // pad with zeros

            fs.precision =
                cast(typeof(fs.precision)) (spacesToPrint + digits.length);
                //to!(typeof(fs.precision))(spacesToPrint + digits.length);
        }
        else if (leftPad) foreach (i ; 0 .. spacesToPrint) put(w, ' ');
    }
    // write sign
    if (forcedPrefix) put(w, forcedPrefix);
    // write 0x or 0X
    if (base == 16 && fs.flHash && arg) {
        // @@@ overcome bug in dmd;
        //w.write(fs.spec == 'x' ? "0x" : "0X"); //crashes the compiler
        put(w, '0');
        put(w, fs.spec == 'x' ? 'x' : 'X'); // x or X
    }
    // write the digits
    if (arg || fs.precision)
    {
        ptrdiff_t zerosToPrint = fs.precision - digits.length;
        foreach (i ; 0 .. zerosToPrint) put(w, '0');
        put(w, digits);
    }
    // write the spaces to the right if left-align
    if (!leftPad) foreach (i ; 0 .. spacesToPrint) put(w, ' ');
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
        formatTest( 10, "10" );
    });
}
unittest
{
    class C1 { long val; alias val this; this(long v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { long val; alias val this; this(long v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1(10), "10" );
    formatTest( new C2(10), "C" );

    struct S1 { long val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { long val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1(10), "10" );
    formatTest( S2(10), "S" );
}

// bugzilla 9117
unittest
{
    static struct Frop {}

    static struct Foo
    {
        int n = 0;
        alias n this;
        T opCast(T) () if (is(T == Frop))
        {
            return Frop();
        }
        string toString()
        {
            return "Foo";
        }
    }

    static struct Bar
    {
        Foo foo;
        alias foo this;
        string toString()
        {
            return "Bar";
        }
    }

    const(char)[] result;
    void put(const char[] s){ result ~= s; }

    Foo foo;
    formattedWrite(&put, "%s", foo);    // OK
    assert(result == "Foo");

    result = null;

    Bar bar;
    formattedWrite(&put, "%s", bar);    // NG
    assert(result == "Bar");
}

/**
Floating-point values are formatted like $(D printf) does.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(FloatingPointTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    import core.stdc.stdio : snprintf;
    import std.system : Endian;
    import std.algorithm : find, min;
    FormatSpec!Char fs = f; // fs is copy for change its values.
    FloatingPointTypeOf!T val = obj;

    if (fs.spec == 'r')
    {
        // raw write, skip all else and write the thing
        auto raw = (ref val)@trusted{
            return (cast(const char*) &val)[0 .. val.sizeof];
        }(val);
        if (std.system.endian == Endian.littleEndian && f.flPlus
            || std.system.endian == Endian.bigEndian && f.flDash)
        {
            // must swap bytes
            foreach_reverse (c; raw)
                put(w, c);
        }
        else
        {
            foreach (c; raw)
                put(w, c);
        }
        return;
    }
    enforceFmt(find("fgFGaAeEs", fs.spec).length,
        "floating");

    version (CRuntime_Microsoft)
    {
        import std.math : isNaN, isInfinity;
        double tval = val; // convert early to get "inf" in case of overflow
        string s;
        if (isNaN(tval))
            s = "nan"; // snprintf writes 1.#QNAN
        else if (isInfinity(tval))
            s = val >= 0 ? "inf" : "-inf"; // snprintf writes 1.#INF

        if (s.length > 0)
        {
          version(none)
          {
            return formatValue(w, s, f);
          }
          else  // FIXME:workaroun
          {
            s = s[0 .. f.precision < $ ? f.precision : $];
            if (!f.flDash)
            {
                // right align
                if (f.width > s.length)
                    foreach (j ; 0 .. f.width - s.length) put(w, ' ');
                put(w, s);
            }
            else
            {
                // left align
                put(w, s);
                if (f.width > s.length)
                    foreach (j ; 0 .. f.width - s.length) put(w, ' ');
            }
            return;
          }
        }
    }
    else
        alias tval = val;
    if (fs.spec == 's') fs.spec = 'g';
    char[1 /*%*/ + 5 /*flags*/ + 3 /*width.prec*/ + 2 /*format*/
                     + 1 /*\0*/] sprintfSpec = void;
    sprintfSpec[0] = '%';
    uint i = 1;
    if (fs.flDash) sprintfSpec[i++] = '-';
    if (fs.flPlus) sprintfSpec[i++] = '+';
    if (fs.flZero) sprintfSpec[i++] = '0';
    if (fs.flSpace) sprintfSpec[i++] = ' ';
    if (fs.flHash) sprintfSpec[i++] = '#';
    sprintfSpec[i .. i + 3] = "*.*";
    i += 3;
    if (is(Unqual!(typeof(val)) == real)) sprintfSpec[i++] = 'L';
    sprintfSpec[i++] = fs.spec;
    sprintfSpec[i] = 0;
    //printf("format: '%s'; geeba: %g\n", sprintfSpec.ptr, val);
    char[512] buf;

    immutable n = ()@trusted{
        return snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length,
                        sprintfSpec.ptr,
                        fs.width,
                        // negative precision is same as no precision specified
                        fs.precision == fs.UNSPECIFIED ? -1 : fs.precision,
                        tval);
    }();

    enforceFmt(n >= 0,
        "floating point formatting failure");
    put(w, buf[0 .. min(n, buf.length-1)]);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%.1f");
    formatValue(w, 1337.7, spec);

    assert(w.data == "1337.7");
}

@safe /*pure*/ unittest     // formatting floating point values is now impure
{
    import std.conv : to;
    foreach (T; TypeTuple!(float, double, real))
    {
        formatTest( to!(          T)(5.5), "5.5" );
        formatTest( to!(    const T)(5.5), "5.5" );
        formatTest( to!(immutable T)(5.5), "5.5" );

        // bionic doesn't support lower-case string formatting of nan yet
        version(CRuntime_Bionic) { formatTest( T.nan, "NaN" ); }
        else { formatTest( T.nan, "nan" ); }
    }
}

unittest
{
    formatTest( 2.25, "2.25" );

    class C1 { double val; alias val this; this(double v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { double val; alias val this; this(double v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1(2.25), "2.25" );
    formatTest( new C2(2.25), "C" );

    struct S1 { double val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { double val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1(2.25), "2.25" );
    formatTest( S2(2.25), "S" );
}

/*
Formatting a $(D creal) is deprecated but still kept around for a while.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(Unqual!T : creal) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    creal val = obj;

    formatValue(w, val.re, f);
    if (val.im >= 0)
    {
        put(w, '+');
    }
    formatValue(w, val.im, f);
    put(w, 'i');
}

@safe /*pure*/ unittest     // formatting floating point values is now impure
{
    import std.conv : to;
    foreach (T; TypeTuple!(cfloat, cdouble, creal))
    {
        formatTest( to!(          T)(1 + 1i), "1+1i" );
        formatTest( to!(    const T)(1 + 1i), "1+1i" );
        formatTest( to!(immutable T)(1 + 1i), "1+1i" );
    }
    foreach (T; TypeTuple!(cfloat, cdouble, creal))
    {
        formatTest( to!(          T)(0 - 3i), "0-3i" );
        formatTest( to!(    const T)(0 - 3i), "0-3i" );
        formatTest( to!(immutable T)(0 - 3i), "0-3i" );
    }
}

unittest
{
    formatTest( 3+2.25i, "3+2.25i" );

    class C1 { cdouble val; alias val this; this(cdouble v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { cdouble val; alias val this; this(cdouble v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1(3+2.25i), "3+2.25i" );
    formatTest( new C2(3+2.25i), "C" );

    struct S1 { cdouble val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { cdouble val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1(3+2.25i), "3+2.25i" );
    formatTest( S2(3+2.25i), "S" );
}

/*
   Formatting an $(D ireal) is deprecated but still kept around for a while.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(Unqual!T : ireal) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    ireal val = obj;

    formatValue(w, val.im, f);
    put(w, 'i');
}

@safe /*pure*/ unittest     // formatting floating point values is now impure
{
    import std.conv : to;
    foreach (T; TypeTuple!(ifloat, idouble, ireal))
    {
        formatTest( to!(          T)(1i), "1i" );
        formatTest( to!(    const T)(1i), "1i" );
        formatTest( to!(immutable T)(1i), "1i" );
    }
}

unittest
{
    formatTest( 2.25i, "2.25i" );

    class C1 { idouble val; alias val this; this(idouble v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { idouble val; alias val this; this(idouble v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1(2.25i), "2.25i" );
    formatTest( new C2(2.25i), "C" );

    struct S1 { idouble val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { idouble val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1(2.25i), "2.25i" );
    formatTest( S2(2.25i), "S" );
}

/**
Individual characters ($(D char), $(D wchar), or $(D dchar)) are formatted as
Unicode characters with %s and as integers with integral-specific format
specs.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(CharTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    CharTypeOf!T val = obj;

    if (f.spec == 's' || f.spec == 'c')
    {
        put(w, val);
    }
    else
    {
        alias U = TypeTuple!(ubyte, ushort, uint)[CharTypeOf!T.sizeof/2];
        formatValue(w, cast(U) val, f);
    }
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%c");
    formatValue(w, 'a', spec);

    assert(w.data == "a");
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
        formatTest( 'c', "c" );
    });
}

unittest
{
    class C1 { char val; alias val this; this(char v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { char val; alias val this; this(char v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1('c'), "c" );
    formatTest( new C2('c'), "C" );

    struct S1 { char val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { char val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1('c'), "c" );
    formatTest( S2('c'), "S" );
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    //Little Endian
    formatTest( "%-r", cast( char)'c', ['c'         ] );
    formatTest( "%-r", cast(wchar)'c', ['c', 0      ] );
    formatTest( "%-r", cast(dchar)'c', ['c', 0, 0, 0] );
    formatTest( "%-r", '本', ['\x2c', '\x67'] );

    //Big Endian
    formatTest( "%+r", cast( char)'c', [         'c'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", cast(wchar)'c', [0,       'c'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", cast(dchar)'c', [0, 0, 0, 'c'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", '本', ['\x67', '\x2c'] );
}

/**
Strings are formatted like $(D printf) does.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(StringTypeOf!T) && !is(StaticArrayTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    Unqual!(StringTypeOf!T) val = obj;  // for `alias this`, see bug5371
    formatRange(w, val, f);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    formatValue(w, "hello", spec);

    assert(w.data == "hello");
}

unittest
{
    formatTest( "abc", "abc" );
}

unittest
{
    // Test for bug 5371 for classes
    class C1 { const string var; alias var this; this(string s){ var = s; } }
    class C2 {       string var; alias var this; this(string s){ var = s; } }
    formatTest( new C1("c1"), "c1" );
    formatTest( new C2("c2"), "c2" );

    // Test for bug 5371 for structs
    struct S1 { const string var; alias var this; }
    struct S2 {       string var; alias var this; }
    formatTest( S1("s1"), "s1" );
    formatTest( S2("s2"), "s2" );
}

unittest
{
    class  C3 { string val; alias val this; this(string s){ val = s; }
                override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C3("c3"), "C" );

    struct S3 { string val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S3("s3"), "S" );
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    //Little Endian
    formatTest( "%-r", "ab"c, ['a'         , 'b'         ] );
    formatTest( "%-r", "ab"w, ['a', 0      , 'b', 0      ] );
    formatTest( "%-r", "ab"d, ['a', 0, 0, 0, 'b', 0, 0, 0] );
    formatTest( "%-r", "日本語"c, ['\xe6', '\x97', '\xa5', '\xe6', '\x9c', '\xac', '\xe8', '\xaa', '\x9e'] );
    formatTest( "%-r", "日本語"w, ['\xe5', '\x65',                 '\x2c', '\x67',                 '\x9e', '\x8a'                ] );
    formatTest( "%-r", "日本語"d, ['\xe5', '\x65', '\x00', '\x00', '\x2c', '\x67', '\x00', '\x00', '\x9e', '\x8a', '\x00', '\x00'] );

    //Big Endian
    formatTest( "%+r", "ab"c, [         'a',          'b'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", "ab"w, [      0, 'a',       0, 'b'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", "ab"d, [0, 0, 0, 'a', 0, 0, 0, 'b'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", "日本語"c, ['\xe6', '\x97', '\xa5', '\xe6', '\x9c', '\xac', '\xe8', '\xaa', '\x9e'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", "日本語"w, [                '\x65', '\xe5',                 '\x67', '\x2c',                 '\x8a', '\x9e'] );
    formatTest( "%+r", "日本語"d, ['\x00', '\x00', '\x65', '\xe5', '\x00', '\x00', '\x67', '\x2c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x8a', '\x9e'] );
}

/**
Static-size arrays are formatted as dynamic arrays.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, auto ref T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(StaticArrayTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    formatValue(w, obj[], f);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    char[2] two = ['a', 'b'];
    formatValue(w, two, spec);

    assert(w.data == "ab");
}

unittest    // Test for issue 8310
{
    import std.array : appender;
    FormatSpec!char f;
    auto w = appender!string();

    char[2] two = ['a', 'b'];
    formatValue(w, two, f);

    char[2] getTwo(){ return two; }
    formatValue(w, getTwo(), f);
}

/**
Dynamic arrays are formatted as input ranges.

Specializations:
    $(UL $(LI $(D void[]) is formatted like $(D ubyte[]).)
        $(LI Const array is converted to input range by removing its qualifier.))

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(DynamicArrayTypeOf!T) && !is(StringTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    static if (is(const(ArrayTypeOf!T) == const(void[])))
    {
        formatValue(w, cast(const ubyte[])obj, f);
    }
    else static if (!isInputRange!T)
    {
        alias U = Unqual!(ArrayTypeOf!T);
        static assert(isInputRange!U);
        U val = obj;
        formatValue(w, val, f);
    }
    else
    {
        formatRange(w, obj, f);
    }
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    auto two = [1, 2];
    formatValue(w, two, spec);

    assert(w.data == "[1, 2]");
}

// alias this, input range I/F, and toString()
unittest
{
    struct S(int flags)
    {
        int[] arr;
      static if (flags & 1)
        alias arr this;

      static if (flags & 2)
      {
        @property bool empty() const { return arr.length == 0; }
        @property int front() const { return arr[0] * 2; }
        void popFront() { arr = arr[1..$]; }
      }

      static if (flags & 4)
        string toString() const { return "S"; }
    }
    formatTest(S!0b000([0, 1, 2]), "S!0([0, 1, 2])");
    formatTest(S!0b001([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 1, 2]");        // Test for bug 7628
    formatTest(S!0b010([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 2, 4]");
    formatTest(S!0b011([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 2, 4]");
    formatTest(S!0b100([0, 1, 2]), "S");
    formatTest(S!0b101([0, 1, 2]), "S");                // Test for bug 7628
    formatTest(S!0b110([0, 1, 2]), "S");
    formatTest(S!0b111([0, 1, 2]), "S");

    class C(uint flags)
    {
        int[] arr;
      static if (flags & 1)
        alias arr this;

        this(int[] a) { arr = a; }

      static if (flags & 2)
      {
        @property bool empty() const { return arr.length == 0; }
        @property int front() const { return arr[0] * 2; }
        void popFront() { arr = arr[1..$]; }
      }

      static if (flags & 4)
        override string toString() const { return "C"; }
    }
    formatTest(new C!0b000([0, 1, 2]), (new C!0b000([])).toString());
    formatTest(new C!0b001([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 1, 2]");    // Test for bug 7628
    formatTest(new C!0b010([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 2, 4]");
    formatTest(new C!0b011([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 2, 4]");
    formatTest(new C!0b100([0, 1, 2]), "C");
    formatTest(new C!0b101([0, 1, 2]), "C");            // Test for bug 7628
    formatTest(new C!0b110([0, 1, 2]), "C");
    formatTest(new C!0b111([0, 1, 2]), "C");
}

unittest
{
    // void[]
    void[] val0;
    formatTest( val0, "[]" );

    void[] val = cast(void[])cast(ubyte[])[1, 2, 3];
    formatTest( val, "[1, 2, 3]" );

    void[0] sval0 = [];
    formatTest( sval0, "[]");

    void[3] sval = cast(void[3])cast(ubyte[3])[1, 2, 3];
    formatTest( sval, "[1, 2, 3]" );
}

unittest
{
    // const(T[]) -> const(T)[]
    const short[] a = [1, 2, 3];
    formatTest( a, "[1, 2, 3]" );

    struct S { const(int[]) arr; alias arr this; }
    auto s = S([1,2,3]);
    formatTest( s, "[1, 2, 3]" );
}

unittest
{
    // 6640
    struct Range
    {
        string value;
        @property bool empty() const { return !value.length; }
        @property dchar front() const { return value.front; }
        void popFront() { value.popFront(); }

        @property size_t length() const { return value.length; }
    }
    immutable table =
    [
        ["[%s]", "[string]"],
        ["[%10s]", "[    string]"],
        ["[%-10s]", "[string    ]"],
        ["[%(%02x %)]", "[73 74 72 69 6e 67]"],
        ["[%(%c %)]", "[s t r i n g]"],
    ];
    foreach (e; table)
    {
        formatTest(e[0], "string", e[1]);
        formatTest(e[0], Range("string"), e[1]);
    }
}

unittest
{
    // string literal from valid UTF sequence is encoding free.
    foreach (StrType; TypeTuple!(string, wstring, dstring))
    {
        // Valid and printable (ASCII)
        formatTest( [cast(StrType)"hello"],
                    `["hello"]` );

        // 1 character escape sequences (' is not escaped in strings)
        formatTest( [cast(StrType)"\"'\0\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v"],
                    `["\"'\0\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v"]` );

        // 1 character optional escape sequences
        formatTest( [cast(StrType)"\'\?"],
                    `["'?"]` );

        // Valid and non-printable code point (<= U+FF)
        formatTest( [cast(StrType)"\x10\x1F\x20test"],
                    `["\x10\x1F test"]` );

        // Valid and non-printable code point (<= U+FFFF)
        formatTest( [cast(StrType)"\u200B..\u200F"],
                    `["\u200B..\u200F"]` );

        // Valid and non-printable code point (<= U+10FFFF)
        formatTest( [cast(StrType)"\U000E0020..\U000E007F"],
                    `["\U000E0020..\U000E007F"]` );
    }

    // invalid UTF sequence needs hex-string literal postfix (c/w/d)
    {
        // U+FFFF with UTF-8 (Invalid code point for interchange)
        formatTest( [cast(string)[0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBF]],
                    `[x"EF BF BF"c]` );

        // U+FFFF with UTF-16 (Invalid code point for interchange)
        formatTest( [cast(wstring)[0xFFFF]],
                    `[x"FFFF"w]` );

        // U+FFFF with UTF-32 (Invalid code point for interchange)
        formatTest( [cast(dstring)[0xFFFF]],
                    `[x"FFFF"d]` );
    }
}

unittest
{
    // nested range formatting with array of string
    formatTest( "%({%(%02x %)}%| %)", ["test", "msg"],
                `{74 65 73 74} {6d 73 67}` );
}

unittest
{
    // stop auto escaping inside range formatting
    auto arr = ["hello", "world"];
    formatTest( "%(%s, %)",  arr, `"hello", "world"` );
    formatTest( "%-(%s, %)", arr, `hello, world` );

    auto aa1 = [1:"hello", 2:"world"];
    formatTest( "%(%s:%s, %)",  aa1, [`1:"hello", 2:"world"`, `2:"world", 1:"hello"`] );
    formatTest( "%-(%s:%s, %)", aa1, [`1:hello, 2:world`, `2:world, 1:hello`] );

    auto aa2 = [1:["ab", "cd"], 2:["ef", "gh"]];
    formatTest( "%-(%s:%s, %)",        aa2, [`1:["ab", "cd"], 2:["ef", "gh"]`, `2:["ef", "gh"], 1:["ab", "cd"]`] );
    formatTest( "%-(%s:%(%s%), %)",    aa2, [`1:"ab""cd", 2:"ef""gh"`, `2:"ef""gh", 1:"ab""cd"`] );
    formatTest( "%-(%s:%-(%s%)%|, %)", aa2, [`1:abcd, 2:efgh`, `2:efgh, 1:abcd`] );
}

// input range formatting
private void formatRange(Writer, T, Char)(ref Writer w, ref T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (isInputRange!T)
{
    import std.conv : text;

    // Formatting character ranges like string
    if (f.spec == 's')
    {
        alias E = ElementType!T;

        static if (!is(E == enum) && is(CharTypeOf!E))
        {
            static if (is(StringTypeOf!T))
            {
                auto s = val[0 .. f.precision < $ ? f.precision : $];
                if (!f.flDash)
                {
                    // right align
                    if (f.width > s.length)
                        foreach (i ; 0 .. f.width - s.length) put(w, ' ');
                    put(w, s);
                }
                else
                {
                    // left align
                    put(w, s);
                    if (f.width > s.length)
                        foreach (i ; 0 .. f.width - s.length) put(w, ' ');
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (!f.flDash)
                {
                    static if (hasLength!T)
                    {
                        // right align
                        auto len = val.length;
                    }
                    else static if (isForwardRange!T && !isInfinite!T)
                    {
                        auto len = walkLength(val.save);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        enforce(f.width == 0, "Cannot right-align a range without length");
                        size_t len = 0;
                    }
                    if (f.precision != f.UNSPECIFIED && len > f.precision)
                        len = f.precision;

                    if (f.width > len)
                        foreach (i ; 0 .. f.width - len)
                            put(w, ' ');
                    if (f.precision == f.UNSPECIFIED)
                        put(w, val);
                    else
                    {
                        size_t printed = 0;
                        for (; !val.empty && printed < f.precision; val.popFront(), ++printed)
                            put(w, val.front);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    size_t printed = void;

                    // left align
                    if (f.precision == f.UNSPECIFIED)
                    {
                        static if (hasLength!T)
                        {
                            printed = val.length;
                            put(w, val);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            printed = 0;
                            for (; !val.empty; val.popFront(), ++printed)
                                put(w, val.front);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        printed = 0;
                        for (; !val.empty && printed < f.precision; val.popFront(), ++printed)
                            put(w, val.front);
                    }

                    if (f.width > printed)
                        foreach (i ; 0 .. f.width - printed)
                            put(w, ' ');
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            put(w, f.seqBefore);
            if (!val.empty)
            {
                formatElement(w, val.front, f);
                val.popFront();
                for (size_t i; !val.empty; val.popFront(), ++i)
                {
                    put(w, f.seqSeparator);
                    formatElement(w, val.front, f);
                }
            }
            static if (!isInfinite!T) put(w, f.seqAfter);
        }
    }
    else if (f.spec == 'r')
    {
        static if (is(DynamicArrayTypeOf!T))
        {
            alias ARR = DynamicArrayTypeOf!T;
            foreach (e ; cast(ARR)val)
            {
                formatValue(w, e, f);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (size_t i; !val.empty; val.popFront(), ++i)
            {
                formatValue(w, val.front, f);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (f.spec == '(')
    {
        if (val.empty)
            return;
        // Nested specifier is to be used
        for (;;)
        {
            auto fmt = FormatSpec!Char(f.nested);
            fmt.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
            if (f.flDash)
                formatValue(w, val.front, fmt);
            else
                formatElement(w, val.front, fmt);
            if (f.sep.ptr)
            {
                put(w, fmt.trailing);
                val.popFront();
                if (val.empty)
                    break;
                put(w, f.sep);
            }
            else
            {
                val.popFront();
                if (val.empty)
                    break;
                put(w, fmt.trailing);
            }
        }
    }
    else
        throw new Exception(text("Incorrect format specifier for range: %", f.spec));
}

// character formatting with ecaping
private void formatChar(Writer)(Writer w, in dchar c, in char quote)
{
    import std.uni : isGraphical;

    if (std.uni.isGraphical(c))
    {
        if (c == quote || c == '\\')
        {
            put(w, '\\');
            put(w, c);
        }
        else
            put(w, c);
    }
    else if (c <= 0xFF)
    {
        put(w, '\\');
        switch (c)
        {
        case '\0':  put(w, '0');  break;
        case '\a':  put(w, 'a');  break;
        case '\b':  put(w, 'b');  break;
        case '\f':  put(w, 'f');  break;
        case '\n':  put(w, 'n');  break;
        case '\r':  put(w, 'r');  break;
        case '\t':  put(w, 't');  break;
        case '\v':  put(w, 'v');  break;
        default:
            formattedWrite(w, "x%02X", cast(uint)c);
        }
    }
    else if (c <= 0xFFFF)
        formattedWrite(w, "\\u%04X", cast(uint)c);
    else
        formattedWrite(w, "\\U%08X", cast(uint)c);
}

// undocumented because of deprecation
// string elements are formatted like UTF-8 string literals.
void formatElement(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(StringTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.utf : UTFException;
    import std.array : appender;

    StringTypeOf!T str = val;   // bug 8015

    if (f.spec == 's')
    {
        try
        {
            // ignore other specifications and quote
            auto app = appender!(typeof(val[0])[])();
            put(app, '\"');
            for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length; )
            {
                auto c = std.utf.decode(str, i);
                // \uFFFE and \uFFFF are considered valid by isValidDchar,
                // so need checking for interchange.
                if (c == 0xFFFE || c == 0xFFFF)
                    goto LinvalidSeq;
                formatChar(app, c, '"');
            }
            put(app, '\"');
            put(w, app.data);
            return;
        }
        catch (UTFException)
        {
        }

        // If val contains invalid UTF sequence, formatted like HexString literal
    LinvalidSeq:
        static if (is(typeof(str[0]) : const(char)))
        {
            enum postfix = 'c';
            alias IntArr = const(ubyte)[];
        }
        else static if (is(typeof(str[0]) : const(wchar)))
        {
            enum postfix = 'w';
            alias IntArr = const(ushort)[];
        }
        else static if (is(typeof(str[0]) : const(dchar)))
        {
            enum postfix = 'd';
            alias IntArr = const(uint)[];
        }
        formattedWrite(w, "x\"%(%02X %)\"%s", cast(IntArr)str, postfix);
    }
    else
        formatValue(w, str, f);
}

unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    formatElement(w, "Hello World", spec);

    assert(w.data == "\"Hello World\"");
}

unittest
{
    // Test for bug 8015
    import std.typecons;

    struct MyStruct {
        string str;
        @property string toStr() {
            return str;
        }
        alias toStr this;
    }

    Tuple!(MyStruct) t;
}

// undocumented because of deprecation
// Character elements are formatted like UTF-8 character literals.
void formatElement(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(CharTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum))
{
    if (f.spec == 's')
    {
        put(w, '\'');
        formatChar(w, val, '\'');
        put(w, '\'');
    }
    else
        formatValue(w, val, f);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    formatElement(w, "H", spec);

    assert(w.data == "\"H\"", w.data);
}

// undocumented
// Maybe T is noncopyable struct, so receive it by 'auto ref'.
void formatElement(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, auto ref T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (!is(StringTypeOf!T) && !is(CharTypeOf!T) || is(T == enum))
{
    formatValue(w, val, f);
}

/**
   Associative arrays are formatted by using $(D ':') and $(D ", ") as
   separators, and enclosed by $(D '[') and $(D ']').

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    obj = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T obj, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(AssocArrayTypeOf!T) && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    AssocArrayTypeOf!T val = obj;

    enforceFmt(f.spec == 's' || f.spec == '(',
        "associative");

    enum const(Char)[] defSpec = "%s" ~ f.keySeparator ~ "%s" ~ f.seqSeparator;
    auto fmtSpec = f.spec == '(' ? f.nested : defSpec;

    size_t i = 0, end = val.length;

    if (f.spec == 's')
        put(w, f.seqBefore);
    foreach (k, ref v; val)
    {
        auto fmt = FormatSpec!Char(fmtSpec);
        fmt.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        if (f.flDash)
        {
            formatValue(w, k, fmt);
            fmt.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
            formatValue(w, v, fmt);
        }
        else
        {
            formatElement(w, k, fmt);
            fmt.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
            formatElement(w, v, fmt);
        }
        if (f.sep !is null)
        {
            fmt.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
            if (++i != end)
                put(w, f.sep);
        }
        else
        {
            if (++i != end)
                fmt.writeUpToNextSpec(w);
        }
    }
    if (f.spec == 's')
        put(w, f.seqAfter);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");
    auto aa = ["H":"W"];
    formatElement(w, aa, spec);

    assert(w.data == "[\"H\":\"W\"]", w.data);
}

unittest
{
    int[string] aa0;
    formatTest( aa0, `[]` );

    // elements escaping
    formatTest(  ["aaa":1, "bbb":2],
               [`["aaa":1, "bbb":2]`, `["bbb":2, "aaa":1]`] );
    formatTest(  ['c':"str"],
                `['c':"str"]` );
    formatTest(  ['"':"\"", '\'':"'"],
               [`['"':"\"", '\'':"'"]`, `['\'':"'", '"':"\""]`] );

    // range formatting for AA
    auto aa3 = [1:"hello", 2:"world"];
    // escape
    formatTest( "{%(%s:%s $ %)}", aa3,
               [`{1:"hello" $ 2:"world"}`, `{2:"world" $ 1:"hello"}`]);
    // use range formatting for key and value, and use %|
    formatTest( "{%([%04d->%(%c.%)]%| $ %)}", aa3,
               [`{[0001->h.e.l.l.o] $ [0002->w.o.r.l.d]}`, `{[0002->w.o.r.l.d] $ [0001->h.e.l.l.o]}`] );

    // issue 12135
    formatTest("%(%s:<%s>%|,%)", [1:2], "1:<2>");
    formatTest("%(%s:<%s>%|%)" , [1:2], "1:<2>");
}

unittest
{
    class C1 { int[char] val; alias val this; this(int[char] v){ val = v; } }
    class C2 { int[char] val; alias val this; this(int[char] v){ val = v; }
               override string toString() const { return "C"; } }
    formatTest( new C1(['c':1, 'd':2]), [`['c':1, 'd':2]`, `['d':2, 'c':1]`] );
    formatTest( new C2(['c':1, 'd':2]), "C" );

    struct S1 { int[char] val; alias val this; }
    struct S2 { int[char] val; alias val this;
                string toString() const { return "S"; } }
    formatTest( S1(['c':1, 'd':2]), [`['c':1, 'd':2]`, `['d':2, 'c':1]`] );
    formatTest( S2(['c':1, 'd':2]), "S" );
}

unittest  // Issue 8921
{
    enum E : char { A = 'a', B = 'b', C = 'c' }
    E[3] e = [E.A, E.B, E.C];
    formatTest(e, "[A, B, C]");

    E[] e2 = [E.A, E.B, E.C];
    formatTest(e2, "[A, B, C]");
}

template hasToString(T, Char)
{
    static if(isPointer!T && !isAggregateType!T)
    {
        // X* does not have toString, even if X is aggregate type has toString.
        enum hasToString = 0;
    }
    else static if (is(typeof({ T val = void; FormatSpec!Char f; val.toString((const(char)[] s){}, f); })))
    {
        enum hasToString = 4;
    }
    else static if (is(typeof({ T val = void; val.toString((const(char)[] s){}, "%s"); })))
    {
        enum hasToString = 3;
    }
    else static if (is(typeof({ T val = void; val.toString((const(char)[] s){}); })))
    {
        enum hasToString = 2;
    }
    else static if (is(typeof({ T val = void; return val.toString(); }()) S) && isSomeString!S)
    {
        enum hasToString = 1;
    }
    else
    {
        enum hasToString = 0;
    }
}

// object formatting with toString
private void formatObject(Writer, T, Char)(ref Writer w, ref T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    static if (is(typeof(val.toString((const(char)[] s){}, f))))
    {
        val.toString((const(char)[] s) { put(w, s); }, f);
    }
    else static if (is(typeof(val.toString((const(char)[] s){}, "%s"))))
    {
        val.toString((const(char)[] s) { put(w, s); }, f.getCurFmtStr());
    }
    else static if (is(typeof(val.toString((const(char)[] s){}))))
    {
        val.toString((const(char)[] s) { put(w, s); });
    }
    else static if (is(typeof(val.toString()) S) && isSomeString!S)
    {
        put(w, val.toString());
    }
    else
        static assert(0);
}

void enforceValidFormatSpec(T, Char)(ref FormatSpec!Char f)
{
    static if (!isInputRange!T && hasToString!(T, Char) != 4)
    {
        enforceFmt(f.spec == 's',
            "Expected '%s' format specifier for type '" ~ T.stringof ~ "'");
    }
}

unittest
{
    static interface IF1 { }
    class CIF1 : IF1 { }
    static struct SF1 { }
    static union UF1 { }
    static class CF1 { }

    static interface IF2 { string toString(); }
    static class CIF2 : IF2 { override string toString() { return ""; } }
    static struct SF2 { string toString() { return ""; } }
    static union UF2 { string toString() { return ""; } }
    static class CF2 { override string toString() { return ""; } }

    static interface IK1 { void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink,
                           FormatSpec!char) const; }
    static class CIK1 : IK1 { override void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink,
                              FormatSpec!char) const { sink("CIK1"); } }
    static struct KS1 { void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink,
                        FormatSpec!char) const { sink("KS1"); } }

    static union KU1 { void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink,
                       FormatSpec!char) const { sink("KU1"); } }

    static class KC1 { void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink,
                       FormatSpec!char) const { sink("KC1"); } }

    IF1 cif1 = new CIF1;
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", cif1));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", SF1()));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", UF1()));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", new CF1()));

    IF2 cif2 = new CIF2;
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", cif2));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", SF2()));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", UF2()));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("%f", new CF2()));

    IK1 cik1 = new CIK1;
    assert(format("%f", cik1) == "CIK1");
    assert(format("%f", KS1()) == "KS1");
    assert(format("%f", KU1()) == "KU1");
    assert(format("%f", new KC1()) == "KC1");
}

/**
   Aggregates ($(D struct), $(D union), $(D class), and $(D interface)) are
   basically formatted by calling $(D toString).
   $(D toString) should have one of the following signatures:

---
const void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink, FormatSpec fmt);
const void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink, string fmt);
const void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink);
const string toString();
---

   For the class objects which have input range interface,
   $(UL $(LI If the instance $(D toString) has overridden
             $(D Object.toString), it is used.)
        $(LI Otherwise, the objects are formatted as input range.))

   For the struct and union objects which does not have $(D toString),
   $(UL $(LI If they have range interface, formatted as input range.)
        $(LI Otherwise, they are formatted like $(D Type(field1, filed2, ...)).))

   Otherwise, are formatted just as their type name.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(T == class) && !is(T == enum))
{
    enforceValidFormatSpec!(T, Char)(f);
    // TODO: Change this once toString() works for shared objects.
    static assert(!is(T == shared), "unable to format shared objects");

    if (val is null)
        put(w, "null");
    else
    {
        static if (hasToString!(T, Char) > 1 || (!isInputRange!T && !is(BuiltinTypeOf!T)))
        {
            formatObject!(Writer, T, Char)(w, val, f);
        }
        else
        {
          //string delegate() dg = &val.toString;
            Object o = val;     // workaround
            string delegate() dg = &o.toString;
            if (dg.funcptr != &Object.toString) // toString is overridden
            {
                formatObject(w, val, f);
            }
            else static if (isInputRange!T)
            {
                formatRange(w, val, f);
            }
            else static if (is(BuiltinTypeOf!T X))
            {
                X x = val;
                formatValue(w, x, f);
            }
            else
            {
                formatObject(w, val, f);
            }
        }
    }
}

/++
   $(D formatValue) allows to reuse existing format specifiers:
 +/
unittest
{
   import std.format;

   struct Point
   {
       int x, y;

       void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink,
                     FormatSpec!char fmt) const
       {
           sink("(");
           sink.formatValue(x, fmt);
           sink(",");
           sink.formatValue(y, fmt);
           sink(")");
       }
   }

   auto p = Point(16,11);
   assert(format("%03d", p) == "(016,011)");
   assert(format("%02x", p) == "(10,0b)");
}

/++
   The following code compares the use of $(D formatValue) and $(D formattedWrite).
 +/
unittest
{
   import std.format;
   import std.array : appender;

   auto writer1 = appender!string();
   writer1.formattedWrite("%08b", 42);

   auto writer2 = appender!string();
   auto f = singleSpec("%08b");
   writer2.formatValue(42, f);

   assert(writer1.data == writer2.data && writer1.data == "00101010");
}

unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    import std.range.interfaces;
    // class range (issue 5154)
    auto c = inputRangeObject([1,2,3,4]);
    formatTest( c, "[1, 2, 3, 4]" );
    assert(c.empty);
    c = null;
    formatTest( c, "null" );
}

unittest
{
    // 5354
    // If the class has both range I/F and custom toString, the use of custom
    // toString routine is prioritized.

    // Enable the use of custom toString that gets a sink delegate
    // for class formatting.

    enum inputRangeCode =
    q{
        int[] arr;
        this(int[] a){ arr = a; }
        @property int front() const { return arr[0]; }
        @property bool empty() const { return arr.length == 0; }
        void popFront(){ arr = arr[1..$]; }
    };

    class C1
    {
        mixin(inputRangeCode);
        void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) dg, ref FormatSpec!char f) const { dg("[012]"); }
    }
    class C2
    {
        mixin(inputRangeCode);
        void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) dg, string f) const { dg("[012]"); }
    }
    class C3
    {
        mixin(inputRangeCode);
        void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) dg) const { dg("[012]"); }
    }
    class C4
    {
        mixin(inputRangeCode);
        override string toString() const { return "[012]"; }
    }
    class C5
    {
        mixin(inputRangeCode);
    }

    formatTest( new C1([0, 1, 2]), "[012]" );
    formatTest( new C2([0, 1, 2]), "[012]" );
    formatTest( new C3([0, 1, 2]), "[012]" );
    formatTest( new C4([0, 1, 2]), "[012]" );
    formatTest( new C5([0, 1, 2]), "[0, 1, 2]" );
}

/// ditto
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(T == interface) && (hasToString!(T, Char) || !is(BuiltinTypeOf!T)) && !is(T == enum))
{
    enforceValidFormatSpec!(T, Char)(f);
    if (val is null)
        put(w, "null");
    else
    {
        static if (hasToString!(T, Char))
        {
            formatObject(w, val, f);
        }
        else static if (isInputRange!T)
        {
            formatRange(w, val, f);
        }
        else
        {
            version (Windows)
            {
                import core.sys.windows.com : IUnknown;
                static if (is(T : IUnknown))
                {
                    formatValue(w, *cast(void**)&val, f);
                }
                else
                {
                    formatValue(w, cast(Object)val, f);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                formatValue(w, cast(Object)val, f);
            }
        }
    }
}

unittest
{
    // interface
    import std.range.interfaces;
    InputRange!int i = inputRangeObject([1,2,3,4]);
    formatTest( i, "[1, 2, 3, 4]" );
    assert(i.empty);
    i = null;
    formatTest( i, "null" );

    // interface (downcast to Object)
    interface Whatever {}
    class C : Whatever
    {
        override @property string toString() const { return "ab"; }
    }
    Whatever val = new C;
    formatTest( val, "ab" );

    // Issue 11175
    version (Windows)
    {
        import core.sys.windows.windows : HRESULT;
        import core.sys.windows.com : IUnknown, IID;

        interface IUnknown2 : IUnknown { }

        class D : IUnknown2
        {
            extern(Windows) HRESULT QueryInterface(const(IID)* riid, void** pvObject) { return typeof(return).init; }
            extern(Windows) uint AddRef() { return 0; }
            extern(Windows) uint Release() { return 0; }
        }

        IUnknown2 d = new D;
        string expected = format("%X", cast(void*)d);
        formatTest(d, expected);
    }
}

/// ditto
// Maybe T is noncopyable struct, so receive it by 'auto ref'.
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, auto ref T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if ((is(T == struct) || is(T == union)) && (hasToString!(T, Char) || !is(BuiltinTypeOf!T)) && !is(T == enum))
{
    enforceValidFormatSpec!(T, Char)(f);
    static if (hasToString!(T, Char))
    {
        formatObject(w, val, f);
    }
    else static if (isInputRange!T)
    {
        formatRange(w, val, f);
    }
    else static if (is(T == struct))
    {
        enum left = T.stringof~"(";
        enum separator = ", ";
        enum right = ")";

        put(w, left);
        foreach (i, e; val.tupleof)
        {
            static if (0 < i && val.tupleof[i-1].offsetof == val.tupleof[i].offsetof)
            {
                static if (i == val.tupleof.length - 1 || val.tupleof[i].offsetof != val.tupleof[i+1].offsetof)
                    put(w, separator~val.tupleof[i].stringof[4..$]~"}");
                else
                    put(w, separator~val.tupleof[i].stringof[4..$]);
            }
            else
            {
                static if (i+1 < val.tupleof.length && val.tupleof[i].offsetof == val.tupleof[i+1].offsetof)
                    put(w, (i > 0 ? separator : "")~"#{overlap "~val.tupleof[i].stringof[4..$]);
                else
                {
                    static if (i > 0)
                        put(w, separator);
                    formatElement(w, e, f);
                }
            }
        }
        put(w, right);
    }
    else
    {
        put(w, T.stringof);
    }
}

unittest
{
    // bug 4638
    struct U8  {  string toString() const { return "blah"; } }
    struct U16 { wstring toString() const { return "blah"; } }
    struct U32 { dstring toString() const { return "blah"; } }
    formatTest( U8(), "blah" );
    formatTest( U16(), "blah" );
    formatTest( U32(), "blah" );
}

unittest
{
    // 3890
    struct Int{ int n; }
    struct Pair{ string s; Int i; }
    formatTest( Pair("hello", Int(5)),
                `Pair("hello", Int(5))` );
}

unittest
{
    // union formatting without toString
    union U1
    {
        int n;
        string s;
    }
    U1 u1;
    formatTest( u1, "U1" );

    // union formatting with toString
    union U2
    {
        int n;
        string s;
        string toString() const { return s; }
    }
    U2 u2;
    u2.s = "hello";
    formatTest( u2, "hello" );
}

unittest
{
    import std.array;
    // 7230
    static struct Bug7230
    {
        string s = "hello";
        union {
            string a;
            int b;
            double c;
        }
        long x = 10;
    }

    Bug7230 bug;
    bug.b = 123;

    FormatSpec!char f;
    auto w = appender!(char[])();
    formatValue(w, bug, f);
    assert(w.data == `Bug7230("hello", #{overlap a, b, c}, 10)`);
}

unittest
{
    import std.array;
    static struct S{ @disable this(this); }
    S s;

    FormatSpec!char f;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formatValue(w, s, f);
    assert(w.data == "S()");
}

/**
$(D enum) is formatted like its base value.

Params:
    w = The $(D OutputRange) to write to.
    val = The value to write.
    f = The $(D FormatSpec) defining how to write the value.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (is(T == enum))
{
    if (f.spec == 's')
    {
        foreach (i, e; EnumMembers!T)
        {
            if (val == e)
            {
                formatValue(w, __traits(allMembers, T)[i], f);
                return;
            }
        }

        // val is not a member of T, output cast(T)rawValue instead.
        put(w, "cast(" ~ T.stringof ~ ")");
        static assert(!is(OriginalType!T == T));
    }
    formatValue(w, cast(OriginalType!T)val, f);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto spec = singleSpec("%s");

    enum A { first, second, third }

    formatElement(w, A.second, spec);

    assert(w.data == "second");
}

unittest
{
    enum A { first, second, third }
    formatTest( A.second, "second" );
    formatTest( cast(A)72, "cast(A)72" );
}
unittest
{
    enum A : string { one = "uno", two = "dos", three = "tres" }
    formatTest( A.three, "three" );
    formatTest( cast(A)"mill\&oacute;n", "cast(A)mill\&oacute;n" );
}
unittest
{
    enum A : bool { no, yes }
    formatTest( A.yes, "yes" );
    formatTest( A.no, "no" );
}
unittest
{
    // Test for bug 6892
    enum Foo { A = 10 }
    formatTest("%s",    Foo.A, "A");
    formatTest(">%4s<", Foo.A, ">   A<");
    formatTest("%04d",  Foo.A, "0010");
    formatTest("%+2u",  Foo.A, "+10");
    formatTest("%02x",  Foo.A, "0a");
    formatTest("%3o",   Foo.A, " 12");
    formatTest("%b",    Foo.A, "1010");
}

/**
   Pointers are formatted as hex integers.
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, T val, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
if (isPointer!T && !is(T == enum) && !hasToString!(T, Char))
{
    static if (isInputRange!T)
    {
        if (val !is null)
        {
            formatRange(w, *val, f);
            return;
        }
    }

    static if (is(typeof({ shared const void* p = val; })))
        alias SharedOf(T) = shared(T);
    else
        alias SharedOf(T) = T;

    const SharedOf!(void*) p = val;
    const pnum = ()@trusted{ return cast(ulong) p; }();

    if (f.spec == 's')
    {
        if (p is null)
        {
            put(w, "null");
            return;
        }
        FormatSpec!Char fs = f; // fs is copy for change its values.
        fs.spec = 'X';
        formatValue(w, pnum, fs);
    }
    else
    {
        enforceFmt(f.spec == 'X' || f.spec == 'x',
           "Expected one of %s, %x or %X for pointer type.");
        formatValue(w, pnum, f);
    }
}

@safe pure unittest
{
    // pointer
    import std.range;
    auto r = retro([1,2,3,4]);
    auto p = ()@trusted{ auto p = &r; return p; }();
    formatTest( p, "[4, 3, 2, 1]" );
    assert(p.empty);
    p = null;
    formatTest( p, "null" );

    auto q = ()@trusted{ return cast(void*)0xFFEECCAA; }();
    formatTest( q, "FFEECCAA" );
}

pure unittest
{
    // Test for issue 7869
    struct S
    {
        string toString() const { return ""; }
    }
    S* p = null;
    formatTest( p, "null" );

    S* q = cast(S*)0xFFEECCAA;
    formatTest( q, "FFEECCAA" );
}

unittest
{
    // Test for issue 8186
    class B
    {
        int*a;
        this(){ a = new int; }
        alias a this;
    }
    formatTest( B.init, "null" );
}

pure unittest
{
    // Test for issue 9336
    shared int i;
    format("%s", &i);
}

pure unittest
{
    // Test for issue 11778
    int* p = null;
    assertThrown(format("%d", p));
    assertThrown(format("%04d", p + 2));
}

pure unittest
{
    // Test for issue 12505
    void* p = null;
    formatTest( "%08X", p, "00000000" );
}

/**
   Delegates are formatted by 'ReturnType delegate(Parameters) FunctionAttributes'
 */
void formatValue(Writer, T, Char)(Writer w, scope T, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
    if (isDelegate!T)
{
    formatValue(w, T.stringof, f);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.conv : to;

    int i;

    int foo(short k) @nogc
    {
        return i + k;
    }

    int delegate(short) @nogc bar() nothrow
    {
        return &foo;
    }

    assert(to!string(&bar) == "int delegate(short) @nogc delegate() nothrow");
}

unittest
{
    void func() {}
    formatTest( &func, "void delegate()" );
}

/*
  Formats an object of type 'D' according to 'f' and writes it to
  'w'. The pointer 'arg' is assumed to point to an object of type
  'D'. The untyped signature is for the sake of taking this function's
  address.
 */
private void formatGeneric(Writer, D, Char)(Writer w, const(void)* arg, ref FormatSpec!Char f)
{
    formatValue(w, *cast(D*) arg, f);
}

private void formatNth(Writer, Char, A...)(Writer w, ref FormatSpec!Char f, size_t index, A args)
{
    import std.conv : to;
    static string gencode(size_t count)()
    {
        string result;
        foreach (n; 0 .. count)
        {
            auto num = to!string(n);
            result ~=
                "case "~num~":"~
                "    formatValue(w, args["~num~"], f);"~
                "    break;";
        }
        return result;
    }

    switch (index)
    {
        mixin(gencode!(A.length)());

        default:
            assert(0, "n = "~cast(char)(index + '0'));
    }
}

pure unittest
{
    int[] a = [ 1, 3, 2 ];
    formatTest( "testing %(%s & %) embedded", a,
                "testing 1 & 3 & 2 embedded");
    formatTest( "testing %((%s) %)) wyda3", a,
                "testing (1) (3) (2) wyda3" );

    int[0] empt = [];
    formatTest( "(%s)", empt,
                "([])" );
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Fix for issue 1591
private int getNthInt(A...)(uint index, A args)
{
    import std.conv : to;
    static if (A.length)
    {
        if (index)
        {
            return getNthInt(index - 1, args[1 .. $]);
        }
        static if (isIntegral!(typeof(args[0])))
        {
            return to!int(args[0]);
        }
        else
        {
            throw new FormatException("int expected");
        }
    }
    else
    {
        throw new FormatException("int expected");
    }
}

/* ======================== Unit Tests ====================================== */

version(unittest)
void formatTest(T)(T val, string expected, size_t ln = __LINE__, string fn = __FILE__)
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.array : appender;
    import std.conv : text;
    FormatSpec!char f;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formatValue(w, val, f);
    enforce!AssertError(
            w.data == expected,
            text("expected = `", expected, "`, result = `", w.data, "`"), fn, ln);
}

version(unittest)
void formatTest(T)(string fmt, T val, string expected, size_t ln = __LINE__, string fn = __FILE__)
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.array : appender;
    import std.conv : text;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(w, fmt, val);
    enforce!AssertError(
            w.data == expected,
            text("expected = `", expected, "`, result = `", w.data, "`"), fn, ln);
}

version(unittest)
void formatTest(T)(T val, string[] expected, size_t ln = __LINE__, string fn = __FILE__)
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.conv : text;
    import std.array : appender;
    FormatSpec!char f;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formatValue(w, val, f);
    foreach(cur; expected)
    {
        if(w.data == cur) return;
    }
    enforce!AssertError(
            false,
            text("expected one of `", expected, "`, result = `", w.data, "`"), fn, ln);
}

version(unittest)
void formatTest(T)(string fmt, T val, string[] expected, size_t ln = __LINE__, string fn = __FILE__)
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.conv : text;
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(w, fmt, val);
    foreach(cur; expected)
    {
        if(w.data == cur) return;
    }
    enforce!AssertError(
            false,
            text("expected one of `", expected, "`, result = `", w.data, "`"), fn, ln);
}

@safe /*pure*/ unittest     // formatting floating point values is now impure
{
    import std.array;

    auto stream = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(stream, "%s", 1.1);
    assert(stream.data == "1.1", stream.data);
}

pure unittest
{
    import std.algorithm;
    import std.array;

    auto stream = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(stream, "%s", map!"a*a"([2, 3, 5]));
    assert(stream.data == "[4, 9, 25]", stream.data);

    // Test shared data.
    stream = appender!string();
    shared int s = 6;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%s", s);
    assert(stream.data == "6");
}

pure unittest
{
    import std.array;
    auto stream = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(stream, "%u", 42);
    assert(stream.data == "42", stream.data);
}

pure unittest
{
    // testing raw writes
    import std.array;
    auto w = appender!(char[])();
    uint a = 0x02030405;
    formattedWrite(w, "%+r", a);
    assert(w.data.length == 4 && w.data[0] == 2 && w.data[1] == 3
        && w.data[2] == 4 && w.data[3] == 5);
    w.clear();
    formattedWrite(w, "%-r", a);
    assert(w.data.length == 4 && w.data[0] == 5 && w.data[1] == 4
        && w.data[2] == 3 && w.data[3] == 2);
}

pure unittest
{
    // testing positional parameters
    import std.array;
    auto w = appender!(char[])();
    formattedWrite(w,
            "Numbers %2$s and %1$s are reversed and %1$s%2$s repeated",
            42, 0);
    assert(w.data == "Numbers 0 and 42 are reversed and 420 repeated",
            w.data);
    w.clear();
    formattedWrite(w, "asd%s", 23);
    assert(w.data == "asd23", w.data);
    w.clear();
    formattedWrite(w, "%s%s", 23, 45);
    assert(w.data == "2345", w.data);
}

unittest
{
    import std.conv : text, octal;
    import std.array;

    debug(format) printf("std.format.format.unittest\n");

    auto stream = appender!(char[])();
    //goto here;

    formattedWrite(stream,
            "hello world! %s %s ", true, 57, 1_000_000_000, 'x', " foo");
    assert(stream.data == "hello world! true 57 ",
        stream.data);

    stream.clear();
    formattedWrite(stream, "%g %A %s", 1.67, -1.28, float.nan);
    // core.stdc.stdio.fwrite(stream.data.ptr, stream.data.length, 1, stderr);

    /* The host C library is used to format floats.  C99 doesn't
    * specify what the hex digit before the decimal point is for
    * %A.  */

    version (CRuntime_Glibc)
    {
        assert(stream.data == "1.67 -0X1.47AE147AE147BP+0 nan",
                stream.data);
    }
    else version (OSX)
    {
        assert(stream.data == "1.67 -0X1.47AE147AE147BP+0 nan",
                stream.data);
    }
    else version (MinGW)
    {
        assert(stream.data == "1.67 -0XA.3D70A3D70A3D8P-3 nan",
                stream.data);
    }
    else version (CRuntime_Microsoft)
    {
        assert(stream.data == "1.67 -0X1.47AE14P+0 nan"
            || stream.data == "1.67 -0X1.47AE147AE147BP+0 nan", // MSVCRT 14+ (VS 2015)
                stream.data);
    }
    else version (CRuntime_Bionic)
    {
        // bionic doesn't support hex formatting of floating point numbers
        // or lower-case string formatting of nan yet, but it was committed
        // recently (April 2014):
        // https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=64886
    }
    else
    {
        assert(stream.data == "1.67 -0X1.47AE147AE147BP+0 nan",
                stream.data);
    }
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%x %X", 0x1234AF, 0xAFAFAFAF);
    assert(stream.data == "1234af AFAFAFAF");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%b %o", 0x1234AF, 0xAFAFAFAF);
    assert(stream.data == "100100011010010101111 25753727657");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%d %s", 0x1234AF, 0xAFAFAFAF);
    assert(stream.data == "1193135 2947526575");
    stream.clear();

    // formattedWrite(stream, "%s", 1.2 + 3.4i);
    // assert(stream.data == "1.2+3.4i");
    // stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%a %A", 1.32, 6.78f);
    //formattedWrite(stream, "%x %X", 1.32);
    version (CRuntime_Microsoft)
        assert(stream.data == "0x1.51eb85p+0 0X1.B1EB86P+2"
            || stream.data == "0x1.51eb851eb851fp+0 0X1.B1EB860000000P+2"); // MSVCRT 14+ (VS 2015)
    else version (CRuntime_Bionic)
    {
        // bionic doesn't support hex formatting of floating point numbers,
        // but it was committed recently (April 2014):
        // https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=64886
    }
    else
        assert(stream.data == "0x1.51eb851eb851fp+0 0X1.B1EB86P+2");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%#06.*f",2,12.345);
    assert(stream.data == "012.35");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%#0*.*f",6,2,12.345);
    assert(stream.data == "012.35");
    stream.clear();

    const real constreal = 1;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%g",constreal);
    assert(stream.data == "1");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%7.4g:", 12.678);
    assert(stream.data == "  12.68:");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%7.4g:", 12.678L);
    assert(stream.data == "  12.68:");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%04f|%05d|%#05x|%#5x",-4.0,-10,1,1);
    assert(stream.data == "-4.000000|-0010|0x001|  0x1",
            stream.data);
    stream.clear();

    int i;
    string s;

    i = -10;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(stream.data == "-10|-10|-10|-10|-10.0000");
    stream.clear();

    i = -5;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(stream.data == "-5| -5|-05|-5|-5.0000");
    stream.clear();

    i = 0;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(stream.data == "0|  0|000|0|0.0000");
    stream.clear();

    i = 5;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(stream.data == "5|  5|005|5|5.0000");
    stream.clear();

    i = 10;
    formattedWrite(stream, "%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(stream.data == "10| 10|010|10|10.0000");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%.0d", 0);
    assert(stream.data == "");
    stream.clear();

    formattedWrite(stream, "%.g", .34);
    assert(stream.data == "0.3");
    stream.clear();

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.0g", .34);
    assert(stream.data == "0.3");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.2g", .34);
    assert(stream.data == "0.34");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%0.0008f", 1e-08);
    assert(stream.data == "0.00000001");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%0.0008f", 1e-05);
    assert(stream.data == "0.00001000");

    //return;
    //core.stdc.stdio.fwrite(stream.data.ptr, stream.data.length, 1, stderr);

    s = "helloworld";
    string r;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.2s", s[0..5]);
    assert(stream.data == "he");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.20s", s[0..5]);
    assert(stream.data == "hello");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%8s", s[0..5]);
    assert(stream.data == "   hello");

    byte[] arrbyte = new byte[4];
    arrbyte[0] = 100;
    arrbyte[1] = -99;
    arrbyte[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrbyte);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -99, 0, 0]", stream.data);

    ubyte[] arrubyte = new ubyte[4];
    arrubyte[0] = 100;
    arrubyte[1] = 200;
    arrubyte[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrubyte);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, 200, 0, 0]", stream.data);

    short[] arrshort = new short[4];
    arrshort[0] = 100;
    arrshort[1] = -999;
    arrshort[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrshort);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s",arrshort);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");

    ushort[] arrushort = new ushort[4];
    arrushort[0] = 100;
    arrushort[1] = 20_000;
    arrushort[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrushort);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, 20000, 0, 0]");

    int[] arrint = new int[4];
    arrint[0] = 100;
    arrint[1] = -999;
    arrint[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrint);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s",arrint);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");

    long[] arrlong = new long[4];
    arrlong[0] = 100;
    arrlong[1] = -999;
    arrlong[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrlong);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s",arrlong);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");

    ulong[] arrulong = new ulong[4];
    arrulong[0] = 100;
    arrulong[1] = 999;
    arrulong[3] = 0;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arrulong);
    assert(stream.data == "[100, 999, 0, 0]");

    string[] arr2 = new string[4];
    arr2[0] = "hello";
    arr2[1] = "world";
    arr2[3] = "foo";
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", arr2);
    assert(stream.data == `["hello", "world", "", "foo"]`, stream.data);

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.8d", 7);
    assert(stream.data == "00000007");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.8x", 10);
    assert(stream.data == "0000000a");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%-3d", 7);
    assert(stream.data == "7  ");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%*d", -3, 7);
    assert(stream.data == "7  ");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.*d", -3, 7);
    //writeln(stream.data);
    assert(stream.data == "7");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", "abc"c);
    assert(stream.data == "abc");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", "def"w);
    assert(stream.data == "def", text(stream.data.length));
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", "ghi"d);
    assert(stream.data == "ghi");

here:
    void* p = cast(void*)0xDEADBEEF;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", p);
    assert(stream.data == "DEADBEEF", stream.data);

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%#x", 0xabcd);
    assert(stream.data == "0xabcd");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%#X", 0xABCD);
    assert(stream.data == "0XABCD");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%#o", octal!12345);
    assert(stream.data == "012345");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%o", 9);
    assert(stream.data == "11");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%+d", 123);
    assert(stream.data == "+123");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%+d", -123);
    assert(stream.data == "-123");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "% d", 123);
    assert(stream.data == " 123");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "% d", -123);
    assert(stream.data == "-123");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%%");
    assert(stream.data == "%");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%d", true);
    assert(stream.data == "1");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%d", false);
    assert(stream.data == "0");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%d", 'a');
    assert(stream.data == "97", stream.data);
    wchar wc = 'a';
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%d", wc);
    assert(stream.data == "97");
    dchar dc = 'a';
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%d", dc);
    assert(stream.data == "97");

    byte b = byte.max;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", b);
    assert(stream.data == "7f");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", ++b);
    assert(stream.data == "80");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", ++b);
    assert(stream.data == "81");

    short sh = short.max;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", sh);
    assert(stream.data == "7fff");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", ++sh);
    assert(stream.data == "8000");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", ++sh);
    assert(stream.data == "8001");

    i = int.max;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", i);
    assert(stream.data == "7fffffff");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", ++i);
    assert(stream.data == "80000000");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", ++i);
    assert(stream.data == "80000001");

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", 10);
    assert(stream.data == "a");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%X", 10);
    assert(stream.data == "A");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%x", 15);
    assert(stream.data == "f");
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%X", 15);
    assert(stream.data == "F");

    Object c = null;
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", c);
    assert(stream.data == "null");

    enum TestEnum
    {
        Value1, Value2
    }
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", TestEnum.Value2);
    assert(stream.data == "Value2", stream.data);
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", cast(TestEnum)5);
    assert(stream.data == "cast(TestEnum)5", stream.data);

    //immutable(char[5])[int] aa = ([3:"hello", 4:"betty"]);
    //stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", aa.values);
    //core.stdc.stdio.fwrite(stream.data.ptr, stream.data.length, 1, stderr);
    //assert(stream.data == "[[h,e,l,l,o],[b,e,t,t,y]]");
    //stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", aa);
    //assert(stream.data == "[3:[h,e,l,l,o],4:[b,e,t,t,y]]");

    static const dchar[] ds = ['a','b'];
    for (int j = 0; j < ds.length; ++j)
    {
        stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, " %d", ds[j]);
        if (j == 0)
            assert(stream.data == " 97");
        else
            assert(stream.data == " 98");
    }

    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%.-3d", 7);
    assert(stream.data == "7", ">" ~ stream.data ~ "<");


    // systematic test
    const string[] flags = [ "-", "+", "#", "0", " ", "" ];
    const string[] widths = [ "", "0", "4", "20" ];
    const string[] precs = [ "", ".", ".0", ".4", ".20" ];
    const string formats = "sdoxXeEfFgGaA";
  /+
  foreach (flag1; flags)
      foreach (flag2; flags)
          foreach (flag3; flags)
              foreach (flag4; flags)
                  foreach (flag5; flags)
                      foreach (width; widths)
                          foreach (prec; precs)
                              foreach (format; formats)
                              {
                                  stream.clear();
                                  auto fmt = "%" ~ flag1 ~ flag2  ~ flag3
                                      ~ flag4 ~ flag5 ~ width ~ prec ~ format
                                      ~ '\0';
                                  fmt = fmt[0 .. $ - 1]; // keep it zero-term
                                  char buf[256];
                                  buf[0] = 0;
                                  switch (format)
                                  {
                                  case 's':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, "wyda");
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          "wyda\0".ptr);
                                      break;
                                  case 'd':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 456);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                               456);
                                      break;
                                  case 'o':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 345);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                               345);
                                      break;
                                  case 'x':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 63546);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          63546);
                                      break;
                                  case 'X':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 12566);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          12566);
                                      break;
                                  case 'e':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 3245.345234);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          3245.345234);
                                      break;
                                  case 'E':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 3245.2345234);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          3245.2345234);
                                      break;
                                  case 'f':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 3245234.645675);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          3245234.645675);
                                      break;
                                  case 'F':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 213412.43);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          213412.43);
                                      break;
                                  case 'g':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 234134.34);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                          234134.34);
                                      break;
                                  case 'G':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 23141234.4321);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                               23141234.4321);
                                      break;
                                  case 'a':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 21341234.2134123);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                               21341234.2134123);
                                      break;
                                  case 'A':
                                      formattedWrite(stream, fmt, 1092384098.45234);
                                      snprintf(buf.ptr, buf.length, fmt.ptr,
                                               1092384098.45234);
                                      break;
                                  default:
                                      break;
                                  }
                                  auto exp = buf[0 .. strlen(buf.ptr)];
                                  if (stream.data != exp)
                                  {
                                      writeln("Format: \"", fmt, '"');
                                      writeln("Expected: >", exp, "<");
                                      writeln("Actual:   >", stream.data,
                                              "<");
                                      assert(false);
                                  }
                              }+/
}

unittest
{
    import std.array;
    import std.stdio;

    immutable(char[5])[int] aa = ([3:"hello", 4:"betty"]);
    if (false) writeln(aa.keys);
    assert(aa[3] == "hello");
    assert(aa[4] == "betty");
    // if (false)
    // {
    //     writeln(aa.values[0]);
    //     writeln(aa.values[1]);
    //     writefln("%s", typeid(typeof(aa.values)));
    //     writefln("%s", aa[3]);
    //     writefln("%s", aa[4]);
    //     writefln("%s", aa.values);
    //     //writefln("%s", aa);
    //     wstring a = "abcd";
    //     writefln(a);
    //     dstring b = "abcd";
    //     writefln(b);
    // }

    auto stream = appender!(char[])();
    alias AllNumerics =
        TypeTuple!(byte, ubyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong,
                   float, double, real);
    foreach (T; AllNumerics)
    {
        T value = 1;
        stream.clear();
        formattedWrite(stream, "%s", value);
        assert(stream.data == "1");
    }

    //auto r = format("%s", aa.values);
    stream.clear(); formattedWrite(stream, "%s", aa);
    //assert(stream.data == "[3:[h,e,l,l,o],4:[b,e,t,t,y]]", stream.data);
    //r = format("%s", aa);
    //assert(r == "[3:[h,e,l,l,o],4:[b,e,t,t,y]]");
}

unittest
{
    string s = "hello!124:34.5";
    string a;
    int b;
    double c;
    formattedRead(s, "%s!%s:%s", &a, &b, &c);
    assert(a == "hello" && b == 124 && c == 34.5);
}

version(unittest)
void formatReflectTest(T)(ref T val, string fmt, string formatted, string fn = __FILE__, size_t ln = __LINE__)
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(w, fmt, val);

    auto input = w.data;
    enforce!AssertError(
            input == formatted,
            input, fn, ln);

    T val2;
    formattedRead(input, fmt, &val2);
    static if (isAssociativeArray!T)
    if (__ctfe)
    {
        alias aa1 = val;
        alias aa2 = val2;
        //assert(aa1 == aa2);

        assert(aa1.length == aa2.length);

        assert(aa1.keys == aa2.keys);

        //assert(aa1.values == aa2.values);
        assert(aa1.values.length == aa2.values.length);
        foreach (i; 0 .. aa1.values.length)
            assert(aa1.values[i] == aa2.values[i]);

        //foreach (i, key; aa1.keys)
        //    assert(aa1.values[i] == aa1[key]);
        //foreach (i, key; aa2.keys)
        //    assert(aa2.values[i] == aa2[key]);
        return;
    }
    enforce!AssertError(
            val == val2,
            input, fn, ln);
}

version(unittest)
void formatReflectTest(T)(ref T val, string fmt, string[] formatted, string fn = __FILE__, size_t ln = __LINE__)
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    formattedWrite(w, fmt, val);

    auto input = w.data;

    foreach(cur; formatted)
    {
        if(input == cur) return;
    }
    enforce!AssertError(
            false,
            input,
            fn,
            ln);

    T val2;
    formattedRead(input, fmt, &val2);
    static if (isAssociativeArray!T)
    if (__ctfe)
    {
        alias aa1 = val;
        alias aa2 = val2;
        //assert(aa1 == aa2);

        assert(aa1.length == aa2.length);

        assert(aa1.keys == aa2.keys);

        //assert(aa1.values == aa2.values);
        assert(aa1.values.length == aa2.values.length);
        foreach (i; 0 .. aa1.values.length)
            assert(aa1.values[i] == aa2.values[i]);

        //foreach (i, key; aa1.keys)
        //    assert(aa1.values[i] == aa1[key]);
        //foreach (i, key; aa2.keys)
        //    assert(aa2.values[i] == aa2[key]);
        return;
    }
    enforce!AssertError(
            val == val2,
            input, fn, ln);
}

unittest
{
    void booleanTest()
    {
        auto b = true;
        formatReflectTest(b, "%s",  `true`);
        formatReflectTest(b, "%b",  `1`);
        formatReflectTest(b, "%o",  `1`);
        formatReflectTest(b, "%d",  `1`);
        formatReflectTest(b, "%u",  `1`);
        formatReflectTest(b, "%x",  `1`);
    }

    void integerTest()
    {
        auto n = 127;
        formatReflectTest(n, "%s",  `127`);
        formatReflectTest(n, "%b",  `1111111`);
        formatReflectTest(n, "%o",  `177`);
        formatReflectTest(n, "%d",  `127`);
        formatReflectTest(n, "%u",  `127`);
        formatReflectTest(n, "%x",  `7f`);
    }

    void floatingTest()
    {
        auto f = 3.14;
        formatReflectTest(f, "%s",  `3.14`);
        version (MinGW)
            formatReflectTest(f, "%e",  `3.140000e+000`);
        else
            formatReflectTest(f, "%e",  `3.140000e+00`);
        formatReflectTest(f, "%f",  `3.140000`);
        formatReflectTest(f, "%g",  `3.14`);
    }

    void charTest()
    {
        auto c = 'a';
        formatReflectTest(c, "%s",  `a`);
        formatReflectTest(c, "%c",  `a`);
        formatReflectTest(c, "%b",  `1100001`);
        formatReflectTest(c, "%o",  `141`);
        formatReflectTest(c, "%d",  `97`);
        formatReflectTest(c, "%u",  `97`);
        formatReflectTest(c, "%x",  `61`);
    }

    void strTest()
    {
        auto s = "hello";
        formatReflectTest(s, "%s",                      `hello`);
        formatReflectTest(s, "%(%c,%)",                 `h,e,l,l,o`);
        formatReflectTest(s, "%(%s,%)",                 `'h','e','l','l','o'`);
        formatReflectTest(s, "[%(<%c>%| $ %)]",         `[<h> $ <e> $ <l> $ <l> $ <o>]`);
    }

    void daTest()
    {
        auto a = [1,2,3,4];
        formatReflectTest(a, "%s",                      `[1, 2, 3, 4]`);
        formatReflectTest(a, "[%(%s; %)]",              `[1; 2; 3; 4]`);
        formatReflectTest(a, "[%(<%s>%| $ %)]",         `[<1> $ <2> $ <3> $ <4>]`);
    }

    void saTest()
    {
        int[4] sa = [1,2,3,4];
        formatReflectTest(sa, "%s",                     `[1, 2, 3, 4]`);
        formatReflectTest(sa, "[%(%s; %)]",             `[1; 2; 3; 4]`);
        formatReflectTest(sa, "[%(<%s>%| $ %)]",        `[<1> $ <2> $ <3> $ <4>]`);
    }

    void aaTest()
    {
        auto aa = [1:"hello", 2:"world"];
        formatReflectTest(aa, "%s",                     [`[1:"hello", 2:"world"]`, `[2:"world", 1:"hello"]`]);
        formatReflectTest(aa, "[%(%s->%s, %)]",         [`[1->"hello", 2->"world"]`, `[2->"world", 1->"hello"]`]);
        formatReflectTest(aa, "{%([%s=%(%c%)]%|; %)}",  [`{[1=hello]; [2=world]}`, `{[2=world]; [1=hello]}`]);
    }

    import std.exception;
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
        booleanTest();
        integerTest();
        if (!__ctfe) floatingTest();    // snprintf
        charTest();
        strTest();
        daTest();
        saTest();
        aaTest();
        return true;
    });
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
private void skipData(Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
{
    import std.ascii : isDigit;
    import std.conv : text;

    switch (spec.spec)
    {
        case 'c': input.popFront(); break;
        case 'd':
            if (input.front == '+' || input.front == '-') input.popFront();
            goto case 'u';
        case 'u':
            while (!input.empty && isDigit(input.front)) input.popFront();
            break;
        default:
            assert(false,
                    text("Format specifier not understood: %", spec.spec));
    }
}

private template acceptedSpecs(T)
{
         static if (isIntegral!T)       enum acceptedSpecs = "bdosuxX";
    else static if (isFloatingPoint!T)  enum acceptedSpecs = "seEfgG";
    else static if (isSomeChar!T)       enum acceptedSpecs = "bcdosuxX";    // integral + 'c'
    else                                enum acceptedSpecs = "";
}

/**
 * Reads a boolean value and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && is(Unqual!T == bool))
{
    import std.algorithm : find;
    import std.conv : parse, text;
    if (spec.spec == 's')
    {
        return parse!T(input);
    }
    enforce(find(acceptedSpecs!long, spec.spec).length,
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    return unformatValue!long(input, spec) != 0;
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    bool f1;

    line = "true";
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &f1);
    assert(f1);

    line = "TrUE";
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &f1);
    assert(f1);

    line = "false";
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &f1);
    assert(!f1);

    line = "fALsE";
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &f1);
    assert(!f1);

    line = "1";
    formattedRead(line, "%d", &f1);
    assert(f1);

    line = "-1";
    formattedRead(line, "%d", &f1);
    assert(f1);

    line = "0";
    formattedRead(line, "%d", &f1);
    assert(!f1);

    line = "-0";
    formattedRead(line, "%d", &f1);
    assert(!f1);
}

/**
 * Reads null literal and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && is(T == typeof(null)))
{
    import std.conv : parse, text;
    enforce(spec.spec == 's',
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    return parse!T(input);
}

/**
   Reads an integral value and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && isIntegral!T && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.algorithm : find;
    import std.conv : parse, text;
    enforce(find(acceptedSpecs!T, spec.spec).length,
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    enforce(spec.width == 0);   // TODO

    uint base =
        spec.spec == 'x' || spec.spec == 'X' ? 16 :
        spec.spec == 'o' ? 8 :
        spec.spec == 'b' ? 2 :
        spec.spec == 's' || spec.spec == 'd' || spec.spec == 'u' ? 10 : 0;
    assert(base != 0);
    return parse!T(input, base);
}

/**
   Reads a floating-point value and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isFloatingPoint!T && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.algorithm : find;
    import std.conv : parse, text;
    if (spec.spec == 'r')
    {
        // raw read
        //enforce(input.length >= T.sizeof);
        enforce(isSomeString!Range || ElementType!(Range).sizeof == 1);
        union X
        {
            ubyte[T.sizeof] raw;
            T typed;
        }
        X x;
        foreach (i; 0 .. T.sizeof)
        {
            static if (isSomeString!Range)
            {
                x.raw[i] = input[0];
                input = input[1 .. $];
            }
            else
            {
                // TODO: recheck this
                x.raw[i] = cast(ubyte) input.front;
                input.popFront();
            }
        }
        return x.typed;
    }
    enforce(find(acceptedSpecs!T, spec.spec).length,
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    return parse!T(input);
}

version(none)unittest
{
    union A
    {
        char[float.sizeof] untyped;
        float typed;
    }
    A a;
    a.typed = 5.5;
    char[] input = a.untyped[];
    float witness;
    formattedRead(input, "%r", &witness);
    assert(witness == a.typed);
}

pure unittest
{
    import std.typecons;
    char[] line = "1 2".dup;
    int a, b;
    formattedRead(line, "%s %s", &a, &b);
    assert(a == 1 && b == 2);

    line = "10 2 3".dup;
    formattedRead(line, "%d ", &a);
    assert(a == 10);
    assert(line == "2 3");

    Tuple!(int, float) t;
    line = "1 2.125".dup;
    formattedRead(line, "%d %g", &t);
    assert(t[0] == 1 && t[1] == 2.125);

    line = "1 7643 2.125".dup;
    formattedRead(line, "%s %*u %s", &t);
    assert(t[0] == 1 && t[1] == 2.125);
}

/**
 * Reads one character and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && isSomeChar!T && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.algorithm : find;
    import std.conv : to, text;
    if (spec.spec == 's' || spec.spec == 'c')
    {
        auto result = to!T(input.front);
        input.popFront();
        return result;
    }
    enforce(find(acceptedSpecs!T, spec.spec).length,
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    static if (T.sizeof == 1)
        return unformatValue!ubyte(input, spec);
    else static if (T.sizeof == 2)
        return unformatValue!ushort(input, spec);
    else static if (T.sizeof == 4)
        return unformatValue!uint(input, spec);
    else
        static assert(0);
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    char c1, c2;

    line = "abc";
    formattedRead(line, "%s%c", &c1, &c2);
    assert(c1 == 'a' && c2 == 'b');
    assert(line == "c");
}

/**
   Reads a string and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && is(StringTypeOf!T) && !isAggregateType!T && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.conv : text;

    if (spec.spec == '(')
    {
        return unformatRange!T(input, spec);
    }
    enforce(spec.spec == 's',
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    static if (isStaticArray!T)
    {
        T result;
        auto app = result[];
    }
    else
    {
        import std.array : appender;
        auto app = appender!T();
    }
    if (spec.trailing.empty)
    {
        for (; !input.empty; input.popFront())
        {
            static if (isStaticArray!T)
                if (app.empty)
                    break;
            app.put(input.front);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        auto end = spec.trailing.front;
        for (; !input.empty && input.front != end; input.popFront())
        {
            static if (isStaticArray!T)
                if (app.empty)
                    break;
            app.put(input.front);
        }
    }
    static if (isStaticArray!T)
    {
        enforce(app.empty, "need more input");
        return result;
    }
    else
        return app.data;
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    string s1, s2;

    line = "hello, world";
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &s1);
    assert(s1 == "hello, world", s1);

    line = "hello, world;yah";
    formattedRead(line, "%s;%s", &s1, &s2);
    assert(s1 == "hello, world", s1);
    assert(s2 == "yah", s2);

    line = `['h','e','l','l','o']`;
    string s3;
    formattedRead(line, "[%(%s,%)]", &s3);
    assert(s3 == "hello");

    line = `"hello"`;
    string s4;
    formattedRead(line, "\"%(%c%)\"", &s4);
    assert(s4 == "hello");
}

/**
   Reads an array (except for string types) and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && isArray!T && !is(StringTypeOf!T) && !isAggregateType!T && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.conv : parse, text;
    if (spec.spec == '(')
    {
        return unformatRange!T(input, spec);
    }
    enforce(spec.spec == 's',
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    return parse!T(input);
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    line = "[1,2,3]";
    int[] s1;
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &s1);
    assert(s1 == [1,2,3]);
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    line = "[1,2,3]";
    int[] s1;
    formattedRead(line, "[%(%s,%)]", &s1);
    assert(s1 == [1,2,3]);

    line = `["hello", "world"]`;
    string[] s2;
    formattedRead(line, "[%(%s, %)]", &s2);
    assert(s2 == ["hello", "world"]);

    line = "123 456";
    int[] s3;
    formattedRead(line, "%(%s %)", &s3);
    assert(s3 == [123, 456]);

    line = "h,e,l,l,o; w,o,r,l,d";
    string[] s4;
    formattedRead(line, "%(%(%c,%); %)", &s4);
    assert(s4 == ["hello", "world"]);
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    int[4] sa1;
    line = `[1,2,3,4]`;
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &sa1);
    assert(sa1 == [1,2,3,4]);

    int[4] sa2;
    line = `[1,2,3]`;
    assertThrown(formattedRead(line, "%s", &sa2));

    int[4] sa3;
    line = `[1,2,3,4,5]`;
    assertThrown(formattedRead(line, "%s", &sa3));
}

pure unittest
{
    string input;

    int[4] sa1;
    input = `[1,2,3,4]`;
    formattedRead(input, "[%(%s,%)]", &sa1);
    assert(sa1 == [1,2,3,4]);

    int[4] sa2;
    input = `[1,2,3]`;
    assertThrown(formattedRead(input, "[%(%s,%)]", &sa2));
}

pure unittest
{
    // 7241
    string input = "a";
    auto spec = FormatSpec!char("%s");
    spec.readUpToNextSpec(input);
    auto result = unformatValue!(dchar[1])(input, spec);
    assert(result[0] == 'a');
}

/**
 * Reads an associative array and returns it.
 */
T unformatValue(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range && isAssociativeArray!T && !is(T == enum))
{
    import std.conv : parse, text;
    if (spec.spec == '(')
    {
        return unformatRange!T(input, spec);
    }
    enforce(spec.spec == 's',
            text("Wrong unformat specifier '%", spec.spec , "' for ", T.stringof));

    return parse!T(input);
}

pure unittest
{
    string line;

    string[int] aa1;
    line = `[1:"hello", 2:"world"]`;
    formattedRead(line, "%s", &aa1);
    assert(aa1 == [1:"hello", 2:"world"]);

    int[string] aa2;
    line = `{"hello"=1; "world"=2}`;
    formattedRead(line, "{%(%s=%s; %)}", &aa2);
    assert(aa2 == ["hello":1, "world":2]);

    int[string] aa3;
    line = `{[hello=1]; [world=2]}`;
    formattedRead(line, "{%([%(%c%)=%s]%|; %)}", &aa3);
    assert(aa3 == ["hello":1, "world":2]);
}

//debug = unformatRange;

private T unformatRange(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
in
{
    assert(spec.spec == '(');
}
body
{
    debug (unformatRange) printf("unformatRange:\n");

    T result;
    static if (isStaticArray!T)
    {
        size_t i;
    }

    const(Char)[] cont = spec.trailing;
    for (size_t j = 0; j < spec.trailing.length; ++j)
    {
        if (spec.trailing[j] == '%')
        {
            cont = spec.trailing[0 .. j];
            break;
        }
    }
    debug (unformatRange) printf("\t");
    debug (unformatRange) if (!input.empty) printf("input.front = %c, ", input.front);
    debug (unformatRange) printf("cont = %.*s\n", cont);

    bool checkEnd()
    {
        return input.empty || !cont.empty && input.front == cont.front;
    }

    if (!checkEnd())
    {
        for (;;)
        {
            auto fmt = FormatSpec!Char(spec.nested);
            fmt.readUpToNextSpec(input);
            enforce(!input.empty);

            debug (unformatRange) printf("\t) spec = %c, front = %c ", fmt.spec, input.front);
            static if (isStaticArray!T)
            {
                result[i++] = unformatElement!(typeof(T.init[0]))(input, fmt);
            }
            else static if (isDynamicArray!T)
            {
                result ~= unformatElement!(ElementType!T)(input, fmt);
            }
            else static if (isAssociativeArray!T)
            {
                auto key = unformatElement!(typeof(T.init.keys[0]))(input, fmt);
                fmt.readUpToNextSpec(input);        // eat key separator

                result[key] = unformatElement!(typeof(T.init.values[0]))(input, fmt);
            }
            debug (unformatRange) {
            if (input.empty) printf("-> front = [empty] ");
            else             printf("-> front = %c ", input.front);
            }

            static if (isStaticArray!T)
            {
                debug (unformatRange) printf("i = %u < %u\n", i, T.length);
                enforce(i <= T.length);
            }

            if (spec.sep != null)
                fmt.readUpToNextSpec(input);
            auto sep = spec.sep != null ? spec.sep
                         : fmt.trailing;
            debug (unformatRange) {
            if (!sep.empty && !input.empty) printf("-> %c, sep = %.*s\n", input.front, sep);
            else                            printf("\n");
            }

            if (checkEnd())
                break;

            if (!sep.empty && input.front == sep.front)
            {
                while (!sep.empty)
                {
                    enforce(!input.empty);
                    enforce(input.front == sep.front);
                    input.popFront();
                    sep.popFront();
                }
                debug (unformatRange) printf("input.front = %c\n", input.front);
            }
        }
    }
    static if (isStaticArray!T)
    {
        enforce(i == T.length);
    }
    return result;
}

// Undocumented
T unformatElement(T, Range, Char)(ref Range input, ref FormatSpec!Char spec)
    if (isInputRange!Range)
{
    import std.conv : parseElement;
    static if (isSomeString!T)
    {
        if (spec.spec == 's')
        {
            return parseElement!T(input);
        }
    }
    else static if (isSomeChar!T)
    {
        if (spec.spec == 's')
        {
            return parseElement!T(input);
        }
    }

    return unformatValue!T(input, spec);
}


// Legacy implementation

enum Mangle : char
{
    Tvoid     = 'v',
    Tbool     = 'b',
    Tbyte     = 'g',
    Tubyte    = 'h',
    Tshort    = 's',
    Tushort   = 't',
    Tint      = 'i',
    Tuint     = 'k',
    Tlong     = 'l',
    Tulong    = 'm',
    Tfloat    = 'f',
    Tdouble   = 'd',
    Treal     = 'e',

    Tifloat   = 'o',
    Tidouble  = 'p',
    Tireal    = 'j',
    Tcfloat   = 'q',
    Tcdouble  = 'r',
    Tcreal    = 'c',

    Tchar     = 'a',
    Twchar    = 'u',
    Tdchar    = 'w',

    Tarray    = 'A',
    Tsarray   = 'G',
    Taarray   = 'H',
    Tpointer  = 'P',
    Tfunction = 'F',
    Tident    = 'I',
    Tclass    = 'C',
    Tstruct   = 'S',
    Tenum     = 'E',
    Ttypedef  = 'T',
    Tdelegate = 'D',

    Tconst    = 'x',
    Timmutable = 'y',
}

// return the TypeInfo for a primitive type and null otherwise.  This
// is required since for arrays of ints we only have the mangled char
// to work from. If arrays always subclassed TypeInfo_Array this
// routine could go away.
private TypeInfo primitiveTypeInfo(Mangle m)
{
    // BUG: should fix this in static this() to avoid double checked locking bug
    __gshared TypeInfo[Mangle] dic;
    if (!dic.length) {
        dic = [
            Mangle.Tvoid : typeid(void),
            Mangle.Tbool : typeid(bool),
            Mangle.Tbyte : typeid(byte),
            Mangle.Tubyte : typeid(ubyte),
            Mangle.Tshort : typeid(short),
            Mangle.Tushort : typeid(ushort),
            Mangle.Tint : typeid(int),
            Mangle.Tuint : typeid(uint),
            Mangle.Tlong : typeid(long),
            Mangle.Tulong : typeid(ulong),
            Mangle.Tfloat : typeid(float),
            Mangle.Tdouble : typeid(double),
            Mangle.Treal : typeid(real),
            Mangle.Tifloat : typeid(ifloat),
            Mangle.Tidouble : typeid(idouble),
            Mangle.Tireal : typeid(ireal),
            Mangle.Tcfloat : typeid(cfloat),
            Mangle.Tcdouble : typeid(cdouble),
            Mangle.Tcreal : typeid(creal),
            Mangle.Tchar : typeid(char),
            Mangle.Twchar : typeid(wchar),
            Mangle.Tdchar : typeid(dchar)
            ];
    }
    auto p = m in dic;
    return p ? *p : null;
}

// This stuff has been removed from the docs and is planned for deprecation.
/*
 * Interprets variadic argument list pointed to by argptr whose types
 * are given by arguments[], formats them according to embedded format
 * strings in the variadic argument list, and sends the resulting
 * characters to putc.
 *
 * The variadic arguments are consumed in order.  Each is formatted
 * into a sequence of chars, using the default format specification
 * for its type, and the characters are sequentially passed to putc.
 * If a $(D char[]), $(D wchar[]), or $(D dchar[]) argument is
 * encountered, it is interpreted as a format string. As many
 * arguments as specified in the format string are consumed and
 * formatted according to the format specifications in that string and
 * passed to putc. If there are too few remaining arguments, a
 * $(D FormatException) is thrown. If there are more remaining arguments than
 * needed by the format specification, the default processing of
 * arguments resumes until they are all consumed.
 *
 * Params:
 *        putc =        Output is sent do this delegate, character by character.
 *        arguments = Array of $(D TypeInfo)s, one for each argument to be formatted.
 *        argptr = Points to variadic argument list.
 *
 * Throws:
 *        Mismatched arguments and formats result in a $(D FormatException) being thrown.
 *
 * Format_String:
 *        <a name="format-string">$(I Format strings)</a>
 *        consist of characters interspersed with
 *        $(I format specifications). Characters are simply copied
 *        to the output (such as putc) after any necessary conversion
 *        to the corresponding UTF-8 sequence.
 *
 *        A $(I format specification) starts with a '%' character,
 *        and has the following grammar:

<pre>
$(I FormatSpecification):
    $(B '%%')
    $(B '%') $(I Flags) $(I Width) $(I Precision) $(I FormatChar)

$(I Flags):
    $(I empty)
    $(B '-') $(I Flags)
    $(B '+') $(I Flags)
    $(B '#') $(I Flags)
    $(B '0') $(I Flags)
    $(B ' ') $(I Flags)

$(I Width):
    $(I empty)
    $(I Integer)
    $(B '*')

$(I Precision):
    $(I empty)
    $(B '.')
    $(B '.') $(I Integer)
    $(B '.*')

$(I Integer):
    $(I Digit)
    $(I Digit) $(I Integer)

$(I Digit):
    $(B '0')
    $(B '1')
    $(B '2')
    $(B '3')
    $(B '4')
    $(B '5')
    $(B '6')
    $(B '7')
    $(B '8')
    $(B '9')

$(I FormatChar):
    $(B 's')
    $(B 'b')
    $(B 'd')
    $(B 'o')
    $(B 'x')
    $(B 'X')
    $(B 'e')
    $(B 'E')
    $(B 'f')
    $(B 'F')
    $(B 'g')
    $(B 'G')
    $(B 'a')
    $(B 'A')
</pre>
    <dl>
    <dt>$(I Flags)
    <dl>
        <dt>$(B '-')
        <dd>
        Left justify the result in the field.
        It overrides any $(B 0) flag.

        <dt>$(B '+')
        <dd>Prefix positive numbers in a signed conversion with a $(B +).
        It overrides any $(I space) flag.

        <dt>$(B '#')
        <dd>Use alternative formatting:
        <dl>
            <dt>For $(B 'o'):
            <dd> Add to precision as necessary so that the first digit
            of the octal formatting is a '0', even if both the argument
            and the $(I Precision) are zero.
            <dt> For $(B 'x') ($(B 'X')):
            <dd> If non-zero, prefix result with $(B 0x) ($(B 0X)).
            <dt> For floating point formatting:
            <dd> Always insert the decimal point.
            <dt> For $(B 'g') ($(B 'G')):
            <dd> Do not elide trailing zeros.
        </dl>

        <dt>$(B '0')
        <dd> For integer and floating point formatting when not nan or
        infinity, use leading zeros
        to pad rather than spaces.
        Ignore if there's a $(I Precision).

        <dt>$(B ' ')
        <dd>Prefix positive numbers in a signed conversion with a space.
    </dl>

    <dt>$(I Width)
    <dd>
    Specifies the minimum field width.
    If the width is a $(B *), the next argument, which must be
    of type $(B int), is taken as the width.
    If the width is negative, it is as if the $(B -) was given
    as a $(I Flags) character.

    <dt>$(I Precision)
    <dd> Gives the precision for numeric conversions.
    If the precision is a $(B *), the next argument, which must be
    of type $(B int), is taken as the precision. If it is negative,
    it is as if there was no $(I Precision).

    <dt>$(I FormatChar)
    <dd>
    <dl>
        <dt>$(B 's')
        <dd>The corresponding argument is formatted in a manner consistent
        with its type:
        <dl>
            <dt>$(B bool)
            <dd>The result is <tt>'true'</tt> or <tt>'false'</tt>.
            <dt>integral types
            <dd>The $(B %d) format is used.
            <dt>floating point types
            <dd>The $(B %g) format is used.
            <dt>string types
            <dd>The result is the string converted to UTF-8.
            A $(I Precision) specifies the maximum number of characters
            to use in the result.
            <dt>classes derived from $(B Object)
            <dd>The result is the string returned from the class instance's
            $(B .toString()) method.
            A $(I Precision) specifies the maximum number of characters
            to use in the result.
            <dt>non-string static and dynamic arrays
            <dd>The result is [s<sub>0</sub>, s<sub>1</sub>, ...]
            where s<sub>k</sub> is the kth element
            formatted with the default format.
        </dl>

        <dt>$(B 'b','d','o','x','X')
        <dd> The corresponding argument must be an integral type
        and is formatted as an integer. If the argument is a signed type
        and the $(I FormatChar) is $(B d) it is converted to
        a signed string of characters, otherwise it is treated as
        unsigned. An argument of type $(B bool) is formatted as '1'
        or '0'. The base used is binary for $(B b), octal for $(B o),
        decimal
        for $(B d), and hexadecimal for $(B x) or $(B X).
        $(B x) formats using lower case letters, $(B X) uppercase.
        If there are fewer resulting digits than the $(I Precision),
        leading zeros are used as necessary.
        If the $(I Precision) is 0 and the number is 0, no digits
        result.

        <dt>$(B 'e','E')
        <dd> A floating point number is formatted as one digit before
        the decimal point, $(I Precision) digits after, the $(I FormatChar),
        &plusmn;, followed by at least a two digit exponent: $(I d.dddddd)e$(I &plusmn;dd).
        If there is no $(I Precision), six
        digits are generated after the decimal point.
        If the $(I Precision) is 0, no decimal point is generated.

        <dt>$(B 'f','F')
        <dd> A floating point number is formatted in decimal notation.
        The $(I Precision) specifies the number of digits generated
        after the decimal point. It defaults to six. At least one digit
        is generated before the decimal point. If the $(I Precision)
        is zero, no decimal point is generated.

        <dt>$(B 'g','G')
        <dd> A floating point number is formatted in either $(B e) or
        $(B f) format for $(B g); $(B E) or $(B F) format for
        $(B G).
        The $(B f) format is used if the exponent for an $(B e) format
        is greater than -5 and less than the $(I Precision).
        The $(I Precision) specifies the number of significant
        digits, and defaults to six.
        Trailing zeros are elided after the decimal point, if the fractional
        part is zero then no decimal point is generated.

        <dt>$(B 'a','A')
        <dd> A floating point number is formatted in hexadecimal
        exponential notation 0x$(I h.hhhhhh)p$(I &plusmn;d).
        There is one hexadecimal digit before the decimal point, and as
        many after as specified by the $(I Precision).
        If the $(I Precision) is zero, no decimal point is generated.
        If there is no $(I Precision), as many hexadecimal digits as
        necessary to exactly represent the mantissa are generated.
        The exponent is written in as few digits as possible,
        but at least one, is in decimal, and represents a power of 2 as in
        $(I h.hhhhhh)*2<sup>$(I &plusmn;d)</sup>.
        The exponent for zero is zero.
        The hexadecimal digits, x and p are in upper case if the
        $(I FormatChar) is upper case.
    </dl>

    Floating point NaN's are formatted as $(B nan) if the
    $(I FormatChar) is lower case, or $(B NAN) if upper.
    Floating point infinities are formatted as $(B inf) or
    $(B infinity) if the
    $(I FormatChar) is lower case, or $(B INF) or $(B INFINITY) if upper.
    </dl>

Example:

-------------------------
import core.stdc.stdio;
import std.format;

void myPrint(...)
{
    void putc(dchar c)
    {
        fputc(c, stdout);
    }

    std.format.doFormat(&putc, _arguments, _argptr);
}

void main()
{
    int x = 27;

    // prints 'The answer is 27:6'
    myPrint("The answer is %s:", x, 6);
}
------------------------
 */
void doFormat()(scope void delegate(dchar) putc, TypeInfo[] arguments, va_list ap)
{
    import std.utf : toUCSindex, isValidDchar, UTFException, toUTF8;
    import core.stdc.string : strlen;
    import core.stdc.stdlib : alloca, malloc, realloc, free;
    import core.stdc.stdio : snprintf;

    size_t bufLength = 1024;
    void* argBuffer = malloc(bufLength);
    scope(exit) free(argBuffer);

    size_t bufUsed = 0;
    foreach(ti; arguments)
    {
        // Ensure the required alignment
        bufUsed += ti.talign - 1;
        bufUsed -= (cast(size_t)argBuffer + bufUsed) & (ti.talign - 1);
        auto pos = bufUsed;
        // Align to next word boundary
        bufUsed += ti.tsize + size_t.sizeof - 1;
        bufUsed -= (cast(size_t)argBuffer + bufUsed) & (size_t.sizeof - 1);
        // Resize buffer if necessary
        while (bufUsed > bufLength)
        {
            bufLength *= 2;
            argBuffer = realloc(argBuffer, bufLength);
        }
        // Copy argument into buffer
        va_arg(ap, ti, argBuffer + pos);
    }

    auto argptr = argBuffer;
    void* skipArg(TypeInfo ti)
    {
        // Ensure the required alignment
        argptr += ti.talign - 1;
        argptr -= cast(size_t)argptr & (ti.talign - 1);
        auto p = argptr;
        // Align to next word boundary
        argptr += ti.tsize + size_t.sizeof - 1;
        argptr -= cast(size_t)argptr & (size_t.sizeof - 1);
        return p;
    }
    auto getArg(T)()
    {
        return *cast(T*)skipArg(typeid(T));
    }

    TypeInfo ti;
    Mangle m;
    uint flags;
    int field_width;
    int precision;

    enum : uint
    {
        FLdash = 1,
        FLplus = 2,
        FLspace = 4,
        FLhash = 8,
        FLlngdbl = 0x20,
        FL0pad = 0x40,
        FLprecision = 0x80,
    }

    static TypeInfo skipCI(TypeInfo valti)
    {
        for (;;)
        {
            if (typeid(valti).name.length == 18 &&
                    typeid(valti).name[9..18] == "Invariant")
                valti = (cast(TypeInfo_Invariant)valti).base;
            else if (typeid(valti).name.length == 14 &&
                    typeid(valti).name[9..14] == "Const")
                valti = (cast(TypeInfo_Const)valti).base;
            else
                break;
        }

        return valti;
    }

    void formatArg(char fc)
    {
        bool vbit;
        ulong vnumber;
        char vchar;
        dchar vdchar;
        Object vobject;
        real vreal;
        creal vcreal;
        Mangle m2;
        int signed = 0;
        uint base = 10;
        int uc;
        char[ulong.sizeof * 8] tmpbuf; // long enough to print long in binary
        const(char)* prefix = "";
        string s;

        void putstr(const char[] s)
        {
            //printf("putstr: s = %.*s, flags = x%x\n", s.length, s.ptr, flags);
            ptrdiff_t padding = field_width -
                (strlen(prefix) + toUCSindex(s, s.length));
            ptrdiff_t prepad = 0;
            ptrdiff_t postpad = 0;
            if (padding > 0)
            {
                if (flags & FLdash)
                    postpad = padding;
                else
                    prepad = padding;
            }

            if (flags & FL0pad)
            {
                while (*prefix)
                    putc(*prefix++);
                while (prepad--)
                    putc('0');
            }
            else
            {
                while (prepad--)
                    putc(' ');
                while (*prefix)
                    putc(*prefix++);
            }

            foreach (dchar c; s)
                putc(c);

            while (postpad--)
                putc(' ');
        }

        void putreal(real v)
        {
            //printf("putreal %Lg\n", vreal);

            switch (fc)
            {
                case 's':
                    fc = 'g';
                    break;

                case 'f', 'F', 'e', 'E', 'g', 'G', 'a', 'A':
                    break;

                default:
                    //printf("fc = '%c'\n", fc);
                Lerror:
                    throw new FormatException("floating");
            }
            version (DigitalMarsC)
            {
                uint sl;
                char[] fbuf = tmpbuf;
                if (!(flags & FLprecision))
                    precision = 6;
                while (1)
                {
                    sl = fbuf.length;
                    prefix = (*__pfloatfmt)(fc, flags | FLlngdbl,
                            precision, &v, cast(char*)fbuf, &sl, field_width);
                    if (sl != -1)
                        break;
                    sl = fbuf.length * 2;
                    fbuf = (cast(char*)alloca(sl * char.sizeof))[0 .. sl];
                }
                putstr(fbuf[0 .. sl]);
            }
            else
            {
                ptrdiff_t sl;
                char[] fbuf = tmpbuf;
                char[12] format;
                format[0] = '%';
                int i = 1;
                if (flags & FLdash)
                    format[i++] = '-';
                if (flags & FLplus)
                    format[i++] = '+';
                if (flags & FLspace)
                    format[i++] = ' ';
                if (flags & FLhash)
                    format[i++] = '#';
                if (flags & FL0pad)
                    format[i++] = '0';
                format[i + 0] = '*';
                format[i + 1] = '.';
                format[i + 2] = '*';
                format[i + 3] = 'L';
                format[i + 4] = fc;
                format[i + 5] = 0;
                if (!(flags & FLprecision))
                    precision = -1;
                while (1)
                {
                    sl = fbuf.length;
                    int n;
                    version (CRuntime_Microsoft)
                    {
                        import std.math : isNaN, isInfinity;
                        if (isNaN(v)) // snprintf writes 1.#QNAN
                            n = snprintf(fbuf.ptr, sl, "nan");
                        else if(isInfinity(v)) // snprintf writes 1.#INF
                            n = snprintf(fbuf.ptr, sl, v < 0 ? "-inf" : "inf");
                        else
                            n = snprintf(fbuf.ptr, sl, format.ptr, field_width,
                                         precision, cast(double)v);
                    }
                    else
                        n = snprintf(fbuf.ptr, sl, format.ptr, field_width,
                                precision, v);
                    //printf("format = '%s', n = %d\n", cast(char*)format, n);
                    if (n >= 0 && n < sl)
                    {        sl = n;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (n < 0)
                        sl = sl * 2;
                    else
                        sl = n + 1;
                    fbuf = (cast(char*)alloca(sl * char.sizeof))[0 .. sl];
                }
                putstr(fbuf[0 .. sl]);
            }
            return;
        }

        static Mangle getMan(TypeInfo ti)
        {
          auto m = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[9];
          if (typeid(ti).name.length == 20 &&
              typeid(ti).name[9..20] == "StaticArray")
                m = cast(Mangle)'G';
          return m;
        }

        /* p = pointer to the first element in the array
         * len = number of elements in the array
         * valti = type of the elements
         */
        void putArray(void* p, size_t len, TypeInfo valti)
        {
          //printf("\nputArray(len = %u), tsize = %u\n", len, valti.tsize);
          putc('[');
          valti = skipCI(valti);
          size_t tsize = valti.tsize;
          auto argptrSave = argptr;
          auto tiSave = ti;
          auto mSave = m;
          ti = valti;
          //printf("\n%.*s\n", typeid(valti).name.length, typeid(valti).name.ptr);
          m = getMan(valti);
          while (len--)
          {
            //doFormat(putc, (&valti)[0 .. 1], p);
            argptr = p;
            formatArg('s');
            p += tsize;
            if (len > 0) putc(',');
          }
          m = mSave;
          ti = tiSave;
          argptr = argptrSave;
          putc(']');
        }

        void putAArray(ubyte[long] vaa, TypeInfo valti, TypeInfo keyti)
        {
            putc('[');
            bool comma=false;
            auto argptrSave = argptr;
            auto tiSave = ti;
            auto mSave = m;
            valti = skipCI(valti);
            keyti = skipCI(keyti);
            foreach(ref fakevalue; vaa)
            {
                if (comma) putc(',');
                comma = true;
                void *pkey = &fakevalue;
                version (D_LP64)
                    pkey -= (long.sizeof + 15) & ~(15);
                else
                    pkey -= (long.sizeof + size_t.sizeof - 1) & ~(size_t.sizeof - 1);

                // the key comes before the value
                auto keysize = keyti.tsize;
                version (D_LP64)
                    auto keysizet = (keysize + 15) & ~(15);
                else
                    auto keysizet = (keysize + size_t.sizeof - 1) & ~(size_t.sizeof - 1);

                void* pvalue = pkey + keysizet;

                //doFormat(putc, (&keyti)[0..1], pkey);
                m = getMan(keyti);
                argptr = pkey;

                ti = keyti;
                formatArg('s');

                putc(':');
                //doFormat(putc, (&valti)[0..1], pvalue);
                m = getMan(valti);
                argptr = pvalue;

                ti = valti;
                formatArg('s');
            }
            m = mSave;
            ti = tiSave;
            argptr = argptrSave;
            putc(']');
        }

        //printf("formatArg(fc = '%c', m = '%c')\n", fc, m);
        int mi;
        switch (m)
        {
            case Mangle.Tbool:
                vbit = getArg!(bool)();
                if (fc != 's')
                {   vnumber = vbit;
                    goto Lnumber;
                }
                putstr(vbit ? "true" : "false");
                return;

            case Mangle.Tchar:
                vchar = getArg!(char)();
                if (fc != 's')
                {   vnumber = vchar;
                    goto Lnumber;
                }
            L2:
                putstr((&vchar)[0 .. 1]);
                return;

            case Mangle.Twchar:
                vdchar = getArg!(wchar)();
                goto L1;

            case Mangle.Tdchar:
                vdchar = getArg!(dchar)();
            L1:
                if (fc != 's')
                {   vnumber = vdchar;
                    goto Lnumber;
                }
                if (vdchar <= 0x7F)
                {   vchar = cast(char)vdchar;
                    goto L2;
                }
                else
                {   if (!isValidDchar(vdchar))
                        throw new UTFException("invalid dchar in format");
                    char[4] vbuf;
                    putstr(toUTF8(vbuf, vdchar));
                }
                return;

            case Mangle.Tbyte:
                signed = 1;
                vnumber = getArg!(byte)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tubyte:
                vnumber = getArg!(ubyte)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tshort:
                signed = 1;
                vnumber = getArg!(short)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tushort:
                vnumber = getArg!(ushort)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tint:
                signed = 1;
                vnumber = getArg!(int)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tuint:
            Luint:
                vnumber = getArg!(uint)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tlong:
                signed = 1;
                vnumber = cast(ulong)getArg!(long)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tulong:
            Lulong:
                vnumber = getArg!(ulong)();
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tclass:
                vobject = getArg!(Object)();
                if (vobject is null)
                    s = "null";
                else
                    s = vobject.toString();
                goto Lputstr;

            case Mangle.Tpointer:
                vnumber = cast(ulong)getArg!(void*)();
                if (fc != 'x')  uc = 1;
                flags |= FL0pad;
                if (!(flags & FLprecision))
                {   flags |= FLprecision;
                    precision = (void*).sizeof;
                }
                base = 16;
                goto Lnumber;

            case Mangle.Tfloat:
            case Mangle.Tifloat:
                if (fc == 'x' || fc == 'X')
                    goto Luint;
                vreal = getArg!(float)();
                goto Lreal;

            case Mangle.Tdouble:
            case Mangle.Tidouble:
                if (fc == 'x' || fc == 'X')
                    goto Lulong;
                vreal = getArg!(double)();
                goto Lreal;

            case Mangle.Treal:
            case Mangle.Tireal:
                vreal = getArg!(real)();
                goto Lreal;

            case Mangle.Tcfloat:
                vcreal = getArg!(cfloat)();
                goto Lcomplex;

            case Mangle.Tcdouble:
                vcreal = getArg!(cdouble)();
                goto Lcomplex;

            case Mangle.Tcreal:
                vcreal = getArg!(creal)();
                goto Lcomplex;

            case Mangle.Tsarray:
                putArray(argptr, (cast(TypeInfo_StaticArray)ti).len, (cast(TypeInfo_StaticArray)ti).next);
                return;

            case Mangle.Tarray:
                mi = 10;
                if (typeid(ti).name.length == 14 &&
                    typeid(ti).name[9..14] == "Array")
                { // array of non-primitive types
                  TypeInfo tn = (cast(TypeInfo_Array)ti).next;
                  tn = skipCI(tn);
                  switch (cast(Mangle)typeid(tn).name[9])
                  {
                    case Mangle.Tchar:  goto LarrayChar;
                    case Mangle.Twchar: goto LarrayWchar;
                    case Mangle.Tdchar: goto LarrayDchar;
                    default:
                        break;
                  }
                  void[] va = getArg!(void[])();
                  putArray(va.ptr, va.length, tn);
                  return;
                }
                if (typeid(ti).name.length == 25 &&
                    typeid(ti).name[9..25] == "AssociativeArray")
                { // associative array
                  ubyte[long] vaa = getArg!(ubyte[long])();
                  putAArray(vaa,
                        (cast(TypeInfo_AssociativeArray)ti).next,
                        (cast(TypeInfo_AssociativeArray)ti).key);
                  return;
                }

                while (1)
                {
                    m2 = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[mi];
                    switch (m2)
                    {
                        case Mangle.Tchar:
                        LarrayChar:
                            s = getArg!(string)();
                            goto Lputstr;

                        case Mangle.Twchar:
                        LarrayWchar:
                            wchar[] sw = getArg!(wchar[])();
                            s = toUTF8(sw);
                            goto Lputstr;

                        case Mangle.Tdchar:
                        LarrayDchar:
                            s = toUTF8(getArg!(dstring)());
                        Lputstr:
                            if (fc != 's')
                                throw new FormatException("string");
                            if (flags & FLprecision && precision < s.length)
                                s = s[0 .. precision];
                            putstr(s);
                            break;

                        case Mangle.Tconst:
                        case Mangle.Timmutable:
                            mi++;
                            continue;

                        default:
                            TypeInfo ti2 = primitiveTypeInfo(m2);
                            if (!ti2)
                              goto Lerror;
                            void[] va = getArg!(void[])();
                            putArray(va.ptr, va.length, ti2);
                    }
                    return;
                }
                assert(0);

            case Mangle.Ttypedef:
                ti = (cast(TypeInfo_Typedef)ti).base;
                m = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[9];
                formatArg(fc);
                return;

            case Mangle.Tenum:
                ti = (cast(TypeInfo_Enum)ti).base;
                m = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[9];
                formatArg(fc);
                return;

            case Mangle.Tstruct:
            {        TypeInfo_Struct tis = cast(TypeInfo_Struct)ti;
                if (tis.xtoString is null)
                    throw new FormatException("Can't convert " ~ tis.toString()
                            ~ " to string: \"string toString()\" not defined");
                s = tis.xtoString(skipArg(tis));
                goto Lputstr;
            }

            default:
                goto Lerror;
        }

    Lnumber:
        switch (fc)
        {
            case 's':
            case 'd':
                if (signed)
                {   if (cast(long)vnumber < 0)
                    {        prefix = "-";
                        vnumber = -vnumber;
                    }
                    else if (flags & FLplus)
                        prefix = "+";
                    else if (flags & FLspace)
                        prefix = " ";
                }
                break;

            case 'b':
                signed = 0;
                base = 2;
                break;

            case 'o':
                signed = 0;
                base = 8;
                break;

            case 'X':
                uc = 1;
                if (flags & FLhash && vnumber)
                    prefix = "0X";
                signed = 0;
                base = 16;
                break;

            case 'x':
                if (flags & FLhash && vnumber)
                    prefix = "0x";
                signed = 0;
                base = 16;
                break;

            default:
                goto Lerror;
        }

        if (!signed)
        {
            switch (m)
            {
                case Mangle.Tbyte:
                    vnumber &= 0xFF;
                    break;

                case Mangle.Tshort:
                    vnumber &= 0xFFFF;
                    break;

                case Mangle.Tint:
                    vnumber &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
                    break;

                default:
                    break;
            }
        }

        if (flags & FLprecision && fc != 'p')
            flags &= ~FL0pad;

        if (vnumber < base)
        {
            if (vnumber == 0 && precision == 0 && flags & FLprecision &&
                !(fc == 'o' && flags & FLhash))
            {
                putstr(null);
                return;
            }
            if (precision == 0 || !(flags & FLprecision))
            {        vchar = cast(char)('0' + vnumber);
                if (vnumber < 10)
                    vchar = cast(char)('0' + vnumber);
                else
                    vchar = cast(char)((uc ? 'A' - 10 : 'a' - 10) + vnumber);
                goto L2;
            }
        }

        {
            ptrdiff_t n = tmpbuf.length;
            char c;
            int hexoffset = uc ? ('A' - ('9' + 1)) : ('a' - ('9' + 1));

            while (vnumber)
            {
                c = cast(char)((vnumber % base) + '0');
                if (c > '9')
                    c += hexoffset;
                vnumber /= base;
                tmpbuf[--n] = c;
            }
            if (tmpbuf.length - n < precision && precision < tmpbuf.length)
            {
                ptrdiff_t m = tmpbuf.length - precision;
                tmpbuf[m .. n] = '0';
                n = m;
            }
            else if (flags & FLhash && fc == 'o')
                prefix = "0";
            putstr(tmpbuf[n .. tmpbuf.length]);
            return;
        }

    Lreal:
        putreal(vreal);
        return;

    Lcomplex:
        putreal(vcreal.re);
        if (vcreal.im >= 0)
        {
            putc('+');
        }
        putreal(vcreal.im);
        putc('i');
        return;

    Lerror:
        throw new FormatException("formatArg");
    }

    for (int j = 0; j < arguments.length; )
    {
        ti = arguments[j++];
        //printf("arg[%d]: '%.*s' %d\n", j, typeid(ti).name.length, typeid(ti).name.ptr, typeid(ti).name.length);
        //ti.print();

        flags = 0;
        precision = 0;
        field_width = 0;

        ti = skipCI(ti);
        int mi = 9;
        do
        {
            if (typeid(ti).name.length <= mi)
                goto Lerror;
            m = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[mi++];
        } while (m == Mangle.Tconst || m == Mangle.Timmutable);

        if (m == Mangle.Tarray)
        {
            if (typeid(ti).name.length == 14 &&
                    typeid(ti).name[9..14] == "Array")
            {
                TypeInfo tn = (cast(TypeInfo_Array)ti).next;
                tn = skipCI(tn);
                switch (cast(Mangle)typeid(tn).name[9])
                {
                case Mangle.Tchar:
                case Mangle.Twchar:
                case Mangle.Tdchar:
                    ti = tn;
                    mi = 9;
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
                }
            }
          L1:
            Mangle m2 = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[mi];
            string  fmt;                        // format string
            wstring wfmt;
            dstring dfmt;

            /* For performance reasons, this code takes advantage of the
             * fact that most format strings will be ASCII, and that the
             * format specifiers are always ASCII. This means we only need
             * to deal with UTF in a couple of isolated spots.
             */

            switch (m2)
            {
            case Mangle.Tchar:
                fmt = getArg!(string)();
                break;

            case Mangle.Twchar:
                wfmt = getArg!(wstring)();
                fmt = toUTF8(wfmt);
                break;

            case Mangle.Tdchar:
                dfmt = getArg!(dstring)();
                fmt = toUTF8(dfmt);
                break;

            case Mangle.Tconst:
            case Mangle.Timmutable:
                mi++;
                goto L1;

            default:
                formatArg('s');
                continue;
            }

            for (size_t i = 0; i < fmt.length; )
            {        dchar c = fmt[i++];

                dchar getFmtChar()
                {   // Valid format specifier characters will never be UTF
                    if (i == fmt.length)
                        throw new FormatException("invalid specifier");
                    return fmt[i++];
                }

                int getFmtInt()
                {   int n;

                    while (1)
                    {
                        n = n * 10 + (c - '0');
                        if (n < 0)        // overflow
                            throw new FormatException("int overflow");
                        c = getFmtChar();
                        if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                            break;
                    }
                    return n;
                }

                int getFmtStar()
                {   Mangle m;
                    TypeInfo ti;

                    if (j == arguments.length)
                        throw new FormatException("too few arguments");
                    ti = arguments[j++];
                    m = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[9];
                    if (m != Mangle.Tint)
                        throw new FormatException("int argument expected");
                    return getArg!(int)();
                }

                if (c != '%')
                {
                    if (c > 0x7F)        // if UTF sequence
                    {
                        i--;                // back up and decode UTF sequence
                        c = std.utf.decode(fmt, i);
                    }
                  Lputc:
                    putc(c);
                    continue;
                }

                // Get flags {-+ #}
                flags = 0;
                while (1)
                {
                    c = getFmtChar();
                    switch (c)
                    {
                    case '-':        flags |= FLdash;        continue;
                    case '+':        flags |= FLplus;        continue;
                    case ' ':        flags |= FLspace;        continue;
                    case '#':        flags |= FLhash;        continue;
                    case '0':        flags |= FL0pad;        continue;

                    case '%':        if (flags == 0)
                                          goto Lputc;
                                     break;

                    default:         break;
                    }
                    break;
                }

                // Get field width
                field_width = 0;
                if (c == '*')
                {
                    field_width = getFmtStar();
                    if (field_width < 0)
                    {   flags |= FLdash;
                        field_width = -field_width;
                    }

                    c = getFmtChar();
                }
                else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
                    field_width = getFmtInt();

                if (flags & FLplus)
                    flags &= ~FLspace;
                if (flags & FLdash)
                    flags &= ~FL0pad;

                // Get precision
                precision = 0;
                if (c == '.')
                {   flags |= FLprecision;
                    //flags &= ~FL0pad;

                    c = getFmtChar();
                    if (c == '*')
                    {
                        precision = getFmtStar();
                        if (precision < 0)
                        {   precision = 0;
                            flags &= ~FLprecision;
                        }

                        c = getFmtChar();
                    }
                    else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
                        precision = getFmtInt();
                }

                if (j == arguments.length)
                    goto Lerror;
                ti = arguments[j++];
                ti = skipCI(ti);
                mi = 9;
                do
                {
                    m = cast(Mangle)typeid(ti).name[mi++];
                } while (m == Mangle.Tconst || m == Mangle.Timmutable);

                if (c > 0x7F)                // if UTF sequence
                    goto Lerror;        // format specifiers can't be UTF
                formatArg(cast(char)c);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            formatArg('s');
        }
    }
    return;

  Lerror:
    throw new FormatException();
}

/* ======================== Unit Tests ====================================== */

unittest
{
    import std.conv : octal;

    int i;
    string s;

    debug(format) printf("std.format.format.unittest\n");

    s = format("hello world! %s %s %s%s%s", true, 57, 1_000_000_000, 'x', " foo");
    assert(s == "hello world! true 57 1000000000x foo");

    s = format("%s %A %s", 1.67, -1.28, float.nan);
    /* The host C library is used to format floats.
     * C99 doesn't specify what the hex digit before the decimal point
     * is for %A.
     */
    //version (linux)
    //    assert(s == "1.67 -0XA.3D70A3D70A3D8P-3 nan");
    //else version (OSX)
    //    assert(s == "1.67 -0XA.3D70A3D70A3D8P-3 nan", s);
    //else
    version (MinGW)
        assert(s == "1.67 -0XA.3D70A3D70A3D8P-3 nan", s);
    else version (CRuntime_Microsoft)
        assert(s == "1.67 -0X1.47AE14P+0 nan"
            || s == "1.67 -0X1.47AE147AE147BP+0 nan", s); // MSVCRT 14+ (VS 2015)
    else version (CRuntime_Bionic)
    {
        // bionic doesn't support hex formatting of floating point numbers
        // or lower-case string formatting of nan yet, but it was committed
        // recently (April 2014):
        // https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=64886
    }
    else
        assert(s == "1.67 -0X1.47AE147AE147BP+0 nan", s);

    s = format("%x %X", 0x1234AF, 0xAFAFAFAF);
    assert(s == "1234af AFAFAFAF");

    s = format("%b %o", 0x1234AF, 0xAFAFAFAF);
    assert(s == "100100011010010101111 25753727657");

    s = format("%d %s", 0x1234AF, 0xAFAFAFAF);
    assert(s == "1193135 2947526575");

    //version(X86_64)
    //{
    //    pragma(msg, "several format tests disabled on x86_64 due to bug 5625");
    //}
    //else
    //{
        s = format("%s", 1.2 + 3.4i);
        assert(s == "1.2+3.4i", s);

        //s = format("%x %X", 1.32, 6.78f);
        //assert(s == "3ff51eb851eb851f 40D8F5C3");

    //}

    s = format("%#06.*f",2,12.345);
    assert(s == "012.35");

    s = format("%#0*.*f",6,2,12.345);
    assert(s == "012.35");

    s = format("%7.4g:", 12.678);
    assert(s == "  12.68:");

    s = format("%7.4g:", 12.678L);
    assert(s == "  12.68:");

    s = format("%04f|%05d|%#05x|%#5x",-4.0,-10,1,1);
    assert(s == "-4.000000|-0010|0x001|  0x1");

    i = -10;
    s = format("%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(s == "-10|-10|-10|-10|-10.0000");

    i = -5;
    s = format("%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(s == "-5| -5|-05|-5|-5.0000");

    i = 0;
    s = format("%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(s == "0|  0|000|0|0.0000");

    i = 5;
    s = format("%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(s == "5|  5|005|5|5.0000");

    i = 10;
    s = format("%d|%3d|%03d|%1d|%01.4f",i,i,i,i,cast(double) i);
    assert(s == "10| 10|010|10|10.0000");

    s = format("%.0d", 0);
    assert(s == "");

    s = format("%.g", .34);
    assert(s == "0.3");

    s = format("%.0g", .34);
    assert(s == "0.3");

    s = format("%.2g", .34);
    assert(s == "0.34");

    s = format("%0.0008f", 1e-08);
    assert(s == "0.00000001");

    s = format("%0.0008f", 1e-05);
    assert(s == "0.00001000");

    s = "helloworld";
    string r;
    r = format("%.2s", s[0..5]);
    assert(r == "he");
    r = format("%.20s", s[0..5]);
    assert(r == "hello");
    r = format("%8s", s[0..5]);
    assert(r == "   hello");

    byte[] arrbyte = new byte[4];
    arrbyte[0] = 100;
    arrbyte[1] = -99;
    arrbyte[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrbyte);
    assert(r == "[100, -99, 0, 0]");

    ubyte[] arrubyte = new ubyte[4];
    arrubyte[0] = 100;
    arrubyte[1] = 200;
    arrubyte[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrubyte);
    assert(r == "[100, 200, 0, 0]");

    short[] arrshort = new short[4];
    arrshort[0] = 100;
    arrshort[1] = -999;
    arrshort[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrshort);
    assert(r == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");

    ushort[] arrushort = new ushort[4];
    arrushort[0] = 100;
    arrushort[1] = 20_000;
    arrushort[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrushort);
    assert(r == "[100, 20000, 0, 0]");

    int[] arrint = new int[4];
    arrint[0] = 100;
    arrint[1] = -999;
    arrint[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrint);
    assert(r == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");

    long[] arrlong = new long[4];
    arrlong[0] = 100;
    arrlong[1] = -999;
    arrlong[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrlong);
    assert(r == "[100, -999, 0, 0]");

    ulong[] arrulong = new ulong[4];
    arrulong[0] = 100;
    arrulong[1] = 999;
    arrulong[3] = 0;
    r = format("%s", arrulong);
    assert(r == "[100, 999, 0, 0]");

    string[] arr2 = new string[4];
    arr2[0] = "hello";
    arr2[1] = "world";
    arr2[3] = "foo";
    r = format("%s", arr2);
    assert(r == `["hello", "world", "", "foo"]`);

    r = format("%.8d", 7);
    assert(r == "00000007");
    r = format("%.8x", 10);
    assert(r == "0000000a");

    r = format("%-3d", 7);
    assert(r == "7  ");

    r = format("%*d", -3, 7);
    assert(r == "7  ");

    r = format("%.*d", -3, 7);
    assert(r == "7");

    r = format("abc"c);
    assert(r == "abc");
    r = format("def"w);
    assert(r == "def");
    r = format("ghi"d);
    assert(r == "ghi");

    void* p = cast(void*)0xDEADBEEF;
    r = format("%s", p);
    assert(r == "DEADBEEF");

    r = format("%#x", 0xabcd);
    assert(r == "0xabcd");
    r = format("%#X", 0xABCD);
    assert(r == "0XABCD");

    r = format("%#o", octal!12345);
    assert(r == "012345");
    r = format("%o", 9);
    assert(r == "11");

    r = format("%+d", 123);
    assert(r == "+123");
    r = format("%+d", -123);
    assert(r == "-123");
    r = format("% d", 123);
    assert(r == " 123");
    r = format("% d", -123);
    assert(r == "-123");

    r = format("%%");
    assert(r == "%");

    r = format("%d", true);
    assert(r == "1");
    r = format("%d", false);
    assert(r == "0");

    r = format("%d", 'a');
    assert(r == "97");
    wchar wc = 'a';
    r = format("%d", wc);
    assert(r == "97");
    dchar dc = 'a';
    r = format("%d", dc);
    assert(r == "97");

    byte b = byte.max;
    r = format("%x", b);
    assert(r == "7f");
    r = format("%x", ++b);
    assert(r == "80");
    r = format("%x", ++b);
    assert(r == "81");

    short sh = short.max;
    r = format("%x", sh);
    assert(r == "7fff");
    r = format("%x", ++sh);
    assert(r == "8000");
    r = format("%x", ++sh);
    assert(r == "8001");

    i = int.max;
    r = format("%x", i);
    assert(r == "7fffffff");
    r = format("%x", ++i);
    assert(r == "80000000");
    r = format("%x", ++i);
    assert(r == "80000001");

    r = format("%x", 10);
    assert(r == "a");
    r = format("%X", 10);
    assert(r == "A");
    r = format("%x", 15);
    assert(r == "f");
    r = format("%X", 15);
    assert(r == "F");

    Object c = null;
    r = format("%s", c);
    assert(r == "null");

    enum TestEnum
    {
        Value1, Value2
    }
    r = format("%s", TestEnum.Value2);
    assert(r == "Value2");

    immutable(char[5])[int] aa = ([3:"hello", 4:"betty"]);
    r = format("%s", aa.values);
    assert(r == `["hello", "betty"]` || r == `["betty", "hello"]`);
    r = format("%s", aa);
    assert(r == `[3:"hello", 4:"betty"]` || r == `[4:"betty", 3:"hello"]`);

    static const dchar[] ds = ['a','b'];
    for (int j = 0; j < ds.length; ++j)
    {
        r = format(" %d", ds[j]);
        if (j == 0)
            assert(r == " 97");
        else
            assert(r == " 98");
    }

    r = format(">%14d<, %s", 15, [1,2,3]);
    assert(r == ">            15<, [1, 2, 3]");

    assert(format("%8s", "bar") == "     bar");
    assert(format("%8s", "b\u00e9ll\u00f4") == " b\u00e9ll\u00f4");
}

unittest
{
    // bugzilla 3479
    import std.array;
    auto stream = appender!(char[])();
    formattedWrite(stream, "%2$.*1$d", 12, 10);
    assert(stream.data == "000000000010", stream.data);
}

unittest
{
    // bug 6893
    import std.array;
    enum E : ulong { A, B, C }
    auto stream = appender!(char[])();
    formattedWrite(stream, "%s", E.C);
    assert(stream.data == "C");
}

/*****************************************************
 * Format arguments into a string.
 *
 * Params: fmt  = Format string. For detailed specification, see $(XREF _format,formattedWrite).
 *         args = Variadic list of arguments to format into returned string.
 */
string format(Char, Args...)(in Char[] fmt, Args args)
{
    import std.format : formattedWrite, FormatException;
    import std.array : appender;
    auto w = appender!string();
    auto n = formattedWrite(w, fmt, args);
    version (all)
    {
        // In the future, this check will be removed to increase consistency
        // with formattedWrite
        import std.conv : text;
        import std.exception : enforce;
        enforce(n == args.length, new FormatException(
            text("Orphan format arguments: args[", n, "..", args.length, "]")));
    }
    return w.data;
}

unittest
{
    import std.format;
    import core.exception;
    import std.exception;
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
//  assert(format(null) == "");
    assert(format("foo") == "foo");
    assert(format("foo%%") == "foo%");
    assert(format("foo%s", 'C') == "fooC");
    assert(format("%s foo", "bar") == "bar foo");
    assert(format("%s foo %s", "bar", "abc") == "bar foo abc");
    assert(format("foo %d", -123) == "foo -123");
    assert(format("foo %d", 123) == "foo 123");

    assertThrown!FormatException(format("foo %s"));
    assertThrown!FormatException(format("foo %s", 123, 456));

    assert(format("hel%slo%s%s%s", "world", -138, 'c', true) ==
                  "helworldlo-138ctrue");
    });
}

/*****************************************************
 * Format arguments into buffer $(I buf) which must be large
 * enough to hold the result. Throws RangeError if it is not.
 * Returns: The slice of $(D buf) containing the formatted string.
 *
 *  $(RED sformat's current implementation has been replaced with $(LREF xsformat)'s
 *        implementation in November 2012.
 *        This is seamless for most code, but it makes it so that the only
 *        argument that can be a format string is the first one, so any
 *        code which used multiple format strings has broken. Please change
 *        your calls to sformat accordingly.
 *
 *        e.g.:
 *        ----
 *        sformat(buf, "key = %s", key, ", value = %s", value)
 *        ----
 *        needs to be rewritten as:
 *        ----
 *        sformat(buf, "key = %s, value = %s", key, value)
 *        ----
 *   )
 */
char[] sformat(Char, Args...)(char[] buf, in Char[] fmt, Args args)
{
    import core.exception : onRangeError;
    import std.utf : encode;
    import std.format : formattedWrite, FormatException;

    size_t i;

    struct Sink
    {
        void put(dchar c)
        {
            char[4] enc;
            auto n = encode(enc, c);

            if (buf.length < i + n)
                onRangeError("std.string.sformat", 0);

            buf[i .. i + n] = enc[0 .. n];
            i += n;
        }
        void put(const(char)[] s)
        {
            if (buf.length < i + s.length)
                onRangeError("std.string.sformat", 0);

            buf[i .. i + s.length] = s[];
            i += s.length;
        }
        void put(const(wchar)[] s)
        {
            for (; !s.empty; s.popFront())
                put(s.front);
        }
        void put(const(dchar)[] s)
        {
            for (; !s.empty; s.popFront())
                put(s.front);
        }
    }
    auto n = formattedWrite(Sink(), fmt, args);
    version (all)
    {
        // In the future, this check will be removed to increase consistency
        // with formattedWrite
        import std.conv : text;
        import std.exception : enforce;
        enforce(n == args.length, new FormatException(
            text("Orphan format arguments: args[", n, "..", args.length, "]")));
    }
    return buf[0 .. i];
}

unittest
{
    import core.exception;
    import std.format;

    debug(string) trustedPrintf("std.string.sformat.unittest\n");

    import std.exception;
    assertCTFEable!(
    {
    char[10] buf;

    assert(sformat(buf[], "foo") == "foo");
    assert(sformat(buf[], "foo%%") == "foo%");
    assert(sformat(buf[], "foo%s", 'C') == "fooC");
    assert(sformat(buf[], "%s foo", "bar") == "bar foo");
    assertThrown!RangeError(sformat(buf[], "%s foo %s", "bar", "abc"));
    assert(sformat(buf[], "foo %d", -123) == "foo -123");
    assert(sformat(buf[], "foo %d", 123) == "foo 123");

    assertThrown!FormatException(sformat(buf[], "foo %s"));
    assertThrown!FormatException(sformat(buf[], "foo %s", 123, 456));

    assert(sformat(buf[], "%s %s %s", "c"c, "w"w, "d"d) == "c w d");
    });
}
